Acvr Physio- Endocrine 2016

Front 1

Thyroid hormone is stored in which portion of the glandular tissue?

Back 1

The colloid in the follicle.

Front 2

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete which hormone?

Back 2

Calcitonin.

Front 3

Where in the body is iodine converted to iodide?

Back 3

The GI tract.

Front 4

Is iodide actively or passively transported into the follicle cell?

Back 4

Actively by a Na/I symporter.

Front 5

Once inside the thyroid cell Iodide is oxidized to iodine and incorporated into what molecules?

Back 5

Tyrosine.

Front 6

Tyrosine is a component of which larger molecule?

Back 6

Thyroglobulin.

Front 7

T3 is comprised of which molecules?

Back 7

1 monoiodotyrosine + 1 diiodotyrosine→ triiodothionine.

Front 8

What molecules comprise T4?

Back 8

2 diiodotyrosine.

Front 9

Which molecule is more potent T3 or T4?

Back 9

T3.

Front 10

What enzymes catalyze all reactions to form T3 or T4?

Back 10

Thyroperoxidase.

Front 11

When needed T3 and T4 are cleaved in the follicle cell and transported by what type of carrier?

Back 11

A protein; there are several carrier proteins.

Front 12

Which hormone is the most important regulator of thyroid hormone production?

Back 12

TSH.

Front 13

Sustained release of TSH results in what changes of the follicular cells?

Back 13

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

Front 14

Which hormone feeds back to decrease TSH secretion?

Back 14

T3.

Front 15

Within a non-thyroid cell T3 and T4 have what effects?

Back 15

Messenger RNA transcription and affects the mitochondria (increased oxygen consumption and therefore heat production).

Front 16

What effects does T3 and T4 have on carbohydrate metabolism?

Back 16

Generally catabolic: increases intestinal glc absorption/movement of glc into fat and muscle/ glycogen formation/small amount of glucogenolysis.

Front 17

What blood value is a hallmark for hypothyroidism?

Back 17

Hypercholesterolemia.

Front 18

What affect can inadequate T3 and T4 have on the fetus?

Back 18

Inhibition of mental activity.

Front 19

What effect does T3 and T4 have on the heart?

Back 19

Increase HR and contraction.

Front 20

What is the mechanism of action of methimazole?

Back 20

Inhibits thyroperoxidase.

Front 21

What is the T ½ of methimazole?

Back 21

4-6 hours.

Front 22

What is the safest and simplest therapy for hyperthyroidism?

Back 22

I 131.

Front 23

What radioactive particles does I-131 emit?

Back 23

Gamma and beta.

Front 24

Which particle of I-131 causes the most damage to the thyroid?

Back 24

Beta (80% of the damage is within 2 mm).

Front 25

What percentage of cats become euthyroid with a single dose of I-131?

Back 25

90%.

Front 26

The thyroid lobe is located between what two anatomic structures?

Back 26

The common carotid (laterally) and the trachea (medially).

Front 27

What is the cause of 50% of hypothyroidism in dogs?

Back 27

Immune-mediated lymphocytic thyroiditis.

Front 28

Aside from lymphocytic thyroiditis what is another common cause of hypothyroidism in dogs?

Back 28

Idiopathic follicular atrophy; maybe the end result of thyroiditis.

Front 29

What are the clinicals signs of congenital hypothyroidism?

Back 29

Mental retardation and dwarfism.

Front 30

What is the most common endocrine disease of cats?

Back 30

Hyperthyroidism.

Front 31

Hyperthyroidism is very rare in dogs but may be due to what other disease?

Back 31

Thyroid carcinoma.

Front 32

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in cats?

Back 32

Functional adenomatous hyperplasia.

Front 33

What is the appearance of the thyroid gland with adenomatous hyperplasia?

Back 33

Hypoechoic and often with cysts.

Front 34

What palpable clinical signs is present in 80% of cats with hyperthyroidism?

Back 34

Goiter.

Front 35

What changes in the heart can be seen radiographically in a hyperthyroid cat?

Back 35

Cardiomegaly is present 50% of the time.

Front 36

When are 90% of thyroid carcinomas detected?

Back 36

Ante-mortem.

Front 37

Is thyroid carcinoma usually unilateral or bilateral?

Back 37

Unilateral.

Front 38

Which dog breeds are at risk for thyroid carcinoma?

Back 38

Golden Retrievers and Beagles.

Front 39

Hyperthyroidism in cats is caused by thyroid carcinoma in what percentage of cats?

Back 39

2%.

Front 40

What are the clinical signs of thyroid carcinoma?

Back 40

Dysphagia and retching and regurgitation.

Front 41

T/F. Thyroid carcinomas are usually non functional.?

Back 41

True.

Front 42

Name the three lobes of the pituitary gland?

Back 42

Pars distalis (anterior). Pars nervosa (posterior). Pars intermedia.

Front 43

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

Back 43

ADH and Oxytocin.

Front 44

ADH and Oxytocin cause the release of what other hormones?

Back 44

None. They act directly.

Front 45

Where does the pituitary portal system terminate?

Back 45

In a capillary plexus of the hypothalamus.

Front 46

Which hormone affects mammary tissue development and lactation?

Back 46

Prolactin.

Front 47

Leutinizing hormone stimulates testosterone production from which cells?

Back 47

Leydig cells of the teste and the theca cells of the ovary (granulosa cell convert testosterone to estrogen in the female).

Front 48

ACTH increases the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex?

Back 48

Cortisol but not aldosterone.

Front 49

What causes the release of ADH?

Back 49

Increased osmolality of body fluids.

Front 50

What is the effect of oxytocin?

Back 50

Contraction of myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland and the myometrium.

Front 51

What is Cushing’s disease?

Back 51

Pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism.

Front 52

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

Back 52

The constellation of abnormalities from chronic exposure to excessive glucocorticoids.

Front 53

What are the three main causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

Back 53

Excessive secretion of ACTH (usually from pituitary). Functional adrenal tumor. Iatrogenic.

Front 54

What is the second most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome?

Back 54

Functional adrenal tumor.

Front 55

In which species are the effects of hypercortisolism more debilitating?

Back 55

The dog.

Front 56

Which dog breed is predisposed to PDH?

Back 56

Boxer.

Front 57

Do dogs that are less than 20 kgs more prone to PDH or primary adrenal tumors?

Back 57

PDH (if they are greater than 20 kgs there’s a 50% chance there is a primary adrenal tumor).

Front 58

What is the cause of pU/pD in Cushing’s syndrome?

Back 58

Glucocorticoids reduce renal tubular resportion of water resulting in pU.

Front 59

What common thoracic radiographic sign may be see in cases of Cushing’s syndrome?

Back 59

Pulmonary mineralization is common.

Front 60

In what direction can a pituitary grow because it has an incomplete diaphragm sella?

Back 60

Dorsally.

Front 61

Which drug for the treatment of Cushing’s is a competitive inhibitor of cortisol?

Back 61

Trilostane (Mitotane causes necrosis of adrenal cortical tumors).

Front 62

In dogs with PDH eighty percent have a tumor of which part of the pituitary gland?

Back 62

Pars distalis (anterior lobe).

Front 63

Why do 50% of dogs with a macrotumor develop neurologic signs?

Back 63

Expansion into third ventricle or hypothalamus.

Front 64

What condition is caused by defective secretion or response to ADH?

Back 64

Diabetes insipidus.

Front 65

What is the cause of central diabetes insipidus?

Back 65

Defective production of ADH in the hypothalamus.

Front 66

What type of diabetes insipidus is caused by insensitivity of the renal tubules to ADH?

Back 66

Nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus.

Front 67

Pituitary hypoplasia typically presents as what clinical signs?

Back 67

Dwarfism.

Front 68

In which dog breed is pituitary hypoplasia a genetic defect?

Back 68

GSD.

Front 69

Why do dogs with pituitary hypoplasia have renal failure?

Back 69

Abnormal glomerular development due to lack of growth hormone.

Front 70

Epinephrine and norepinephrine is produced in what portion of the adrenal gland?

Back 70

The medulla.

Front 71

What do the three zone of the adrenal cortex produce?

Back 71

Glomerulosa produces aldosterone. Fasciculata is the glucocorticoids. Reticularis is sex steroids.

Front 72

What is the primary catecholamine produce by the adrenal gland?

Back 72

Epinephrine.

Front 73

Which cells produce Epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Back 73

Chromaffin cells.

Front 74

Which adrenergic receptors are in the heart?

Back 74

Beta 1 (Beta 2 is smooth muscle).

Front 75

What effects do Epinephrine and norepinephrine have on the heart?

Back 75

Increased heart rate and increased contraction.

Front 76

What effect does Epinephrine have on the respiratory system?

Back 76

Relaxation of bronchiolar smooth muscle via Beta 2 receptors.

Front 77

What is the main physiologic factor stimulating release of catecholamines?

Back 77

Hypoglycemia.

Front 78

What is the primary glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland?

Back 78

Cortisol.

Front 79

What is the primary hormone influencing the release of glucocorticoids?

Back 79

ACTH.

Front 80

What are two main effects that glucocorticoids have on the liver?

Back 80

Gluconeogenesis. Glycogenolysis. (Redistributes fat to the liver).

Front 81

What effect does glucocorticoid have on inflammation?

Back 81

Inhibits synthesis of inflammatory mediators of arachidonic acid.

Front 82

What two conditions stimulate the release of renin?

Back 82

Decreased blood pressure and decreased sodium.

Front 83

What electrolyte condition stimulates the release of aldosterone?

Back 83

Hyperkalemia.

Front 84

If an adrenal cortical tumor is greater than 2 cm is likely what type?

Back 84

Adenocarcinoma

Front 85

Adenocarcinomas of the adrenal gland often invade which vessels?

Back 85

Renal vein. Caudal vena cava. Phrenicoabdominal.

Front 86

50% of adrenal carcinomas metastasize to where?

Back 86

Liver or the lung.

Front 87

What type of tumor is a functional malignancy of the adrenal Chromaffin cells?

Back 87

Pheochromocytoma.

Front 88

What is a paraganglionoma?

Back 88

Neoplastic extra adrenal pheochromocytoma.

Front 89

What percentage of pheochromocytomas create tumor thrombus?

Back 89

30-70%.

Front 90

Which neoplasia is the most common to spread to the adrenals in cats and dogs?

Back 90

Lymohoma.

Front 91

What percentage of adrenal function has to be lost before clinical signs of hypoadrenocorticism are seen?

Back 91

85%.

Front 92

What is thought to be the most common cause of hypoadrenocorticism?

Back 92

Immune-mediated adrenalitis.

Front 93

In which breed is Addison’s an inherited trait?

Back 93

Standard Poodle. Portuguese Water dog. Bearded Collie.

Front 94

What are the classic electrolyte abnormalities associated with hypoadrenocorticism?

Back 94

Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia (with non-regenerative anemia).

Front 95

What are possible radiographic signs of Addison’s?

Back 95

Hypovolemia (microcardia and small pulmonary vessels) +/- megaesophagus (from muscle weakness).

Front 96

What are the two possible causes of primary hyperaldosteronism?

Back 96

Aldosterone secreting tumor or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia.

Front 97

What causes secondary hyperaldosteronism?

Back 97

Renal disease.

Front 98

What are the classic electrolyte changes associated with hyperaldosteronism?

Back 98

Hypernatremia and hypokalemia.

Front 99

In which species does hyperaldosteronism tend to occur?

Back 99

10 yr+ cats.

Front 100

What is the most common clinical sign of hyperaldosteronism in cats?

Back 100

Ventroflexion of the neck and paresis and hindlimb weakness (secondary to hypokalemia).

Front 101

What is a common ultrasonographic finding of hyperaldosteronism?

Back 101

Adrenal mass.

Front 102

Which component of blood mediates adhesion of platelets to a damage vessel wall?

Back 102

Von Willebrand factor.

Front 103

In which disease condition are antibodies directed normal platelets?

Back 103

Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.

Front 104

Which immunoglobulin is direct against the platelet membrane in ITP?

Back 104

IgG.

Front 105

Which dog breeds are over represented for ITP?

Back 105

Cocker spaniel. Poodle. Old English Sheepdog.

Front 106

What are the radiographic findings of ITP?

Back 106

Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly and signs of haemorrhage.

Front 107

Define anemia.?

Back 107

Reduction in rbc/Hb/Hct resulting in a decreased oxygen carrying capacity.

Front 108

What is the usual cause of IMHA in dogs?

Back 108

Idiopathic immune dysregulation.

Front 109

By which three methods does IMHA attack rbcs?

Back 109

Intravascular haemolysis. Intravascular agglutination. Removal by RES.

Front 110

What is the most common cause of death from IMHA?

Back 110

Thromboembolic disease included PTE.

Front 111

Which dog breed is at high risk fro IMHA?

Back 111

Cocker Spaniel.

Front 112

What are the common clinical signs of IMHA?

Back 112

Lethargy/depression/tachycardia/tachypnea.

Front 113

What is the concomitant condition of IMHA and ITP?

Back 113

Evan’s syndrome.

Front 114

What are the possible radiographic signs of IMHA?

Back 114

Hepatosplenomegaly +/- signs of PTE.

Front 115

In which congenital malformation is the viscera transposed?

Back 115

Situs inversus.

Front 116

Situs inversus may be associated with ciliary dyskinesis in what syndrome?

Back 116

Kartagener’s Syndrome.