Abnormal Psychology - Chapter 17

Front 1

Reasons to seek therapy

Back 1

1) stressful life circumstances
2) chronic long standing problems
-history of maladjustments
3) indirect sources
-reluctant clients
4) people who seek personal growth

Front 2

Those who provide pschyotherapeutic services

Back 2

physicians - trained to see signs, give refferals
clergy - may be the first to encounter a person encountering an emotional crisis
Clinical Psychologists - looks at changing a client's behaviour and thought patterns
Psychiatrists - prescribe psychoactive drugs and other medical treatments
Clinical Social Workers

Front 3

Therapeutic Relationship

Back 3

needs to be a working alliance between client and therapist
clients that are pessimistic will respond less to therapy
Therapists own personal characteristics can determine the therapeutic outcome

Front 4

Therapeutic Alliance

Back 4

3 factors
1) a sense of working collaboratively
2) agreement between patient and therapist about goals of therapy
3) an affective bond between therapist and client

Front 5

Qualities the Enhance Therapy

Back 5

a motivated client
client's expectation of receiving help, engage in process
providing the client with a safe setting
a good match between client and therapist

Front 6

Measuring Success in Psychotherapy

Back 6

therapist's impression of changes
clients self report
reports from friends/family
comparison of pre/post treatment scores
outside independent observer

Front 7

Harmful Therapy

Back 7

5-10% clients experience this
BPD and OCD have high rates of negative outcomes
Therapists may refer to other therapists when they have clients with whom they may be ill equipped to work with.
Major concern is a sexual relationship between client and therapist

Front 8

Meds

Back 8

for some disorders meds are necessary
they help with biochemical changes - but do not teach coping strategies or adaptive behaviours
some have negative side effects
in panic disorders medication has been seen to interfere with therapy

Front 9

Combined Treatment

Back 9

55% of patients receive both medical and psychotherapy treatments
No evidence that it helps with anxiety disorders, but has been shown to improve severe disorders

Front 10

Antipsychotic drugs

Back 10

used in schizophernia and other mood disorders
alleviate/reduce hallucinations and/or the severity of them
block dopamine receptors
have long half life
less severe withdrawal
risk drug will accumulate in body
side effect - jerky movement

Front 11

Antidepressants

Back 11

SSRI, SNRI, MAO, TCAs
used successfully in depression, bulimia, anxiety, personality disorders

Front 12

Anti-Anxiety Drugs

Back 12

treat acute anxiety before a stressful event (i.e. surgery), highly addictive, induces sleep, enhances GABA receptors

Front 13

Mood Stabilizing Drugs (Lithium)

Back 13

patients relapse if not taking medication regularly
have to be aware of lipid toxicity
can damage neurons
very effective if administered properly

Front 14

ECT

Back 14

Electroconvulsive therapy
safe/effective
does not cause brain damage
effects every neurotransmitter
bilateral more effective but causes more side effects like memory loss/problems

Front 15

Neurosurgery

Back 15

lobotomies
not often used today - only used as last resort
Effective for severe OCD

Front 16

Behavioural Therapy

Back 16

assumes abnormal behaviour is acquired the same way normal behaviour is

Front 17

Exposure Therapy

Back 17

Directly confronts the feared stimulus
Stimulus exposed real or imaginary
Most therapists use imaginary
Very effective

Front 18

Systematic Desensitization

Back 18

Therapist finds a behaviour that is incompatible with being anxious
Repeatedly pairs this stimulus with what is causing patient anxiety
Teaches patient to be relaxed while facing anxiety induced stimulus
Not often used

Front 19

Aversion Therapy

Back 19

Modifies undesirable behaviour my punishment
Most effective is drugs that have a noxious effect
i.e. if you take the drug and drink alcohol, you will vomit

Front 20

Modelling

Back 20

Live modelling fearlessness and guided exposure with instruction

Front 21

Systematic use of Reinforcements

Back 21

Changing or eliminating reinforcements that support problem behaviours
May be a way of suppressing behaviours

Front 22

Use of Token-Token Economics

Back 22

Like operant conditioning
Patients were given tokens for behaving and they could use these for desired goods/objects
Proven effective with mentally ill and those with developmental delays

Front 23

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Back 23

focuses on important private events that help determine behaviour and emotions
Two main themes
1) conviction that the cognitive processes influence emotion, motivation, and behaviour
2) use of cognitive and behaviour change techniques in hypothesis testing
Beck and Ellis (REBT) are the two leading men

Front 24

REBT

Back 24

Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy
attempts to change a clients maladaptive thought processes
one method is to question a person's false beliefs through rational confrontations
aims to increase the clients self worth

Front 25

Beck's Cognitive Therapies

Back 25

the client's biases distort the way they make sense of their experiences
underlying biases are a set of schemas that become activated
therapist helps identify these errors to adjust their biases

Front 26

Humanistic- Experimental Therapies

Back 26

states psychopathology stems from alienation, depersonalization, loneliness, and failure to find meaningful fulfilment. Assumes people have the freedom and responsibility to control own behaviour. Therapy seeks to expand the client's awareness.

Front 27

Client Centered Therapy (Rogerian)

Back 27

clients become able to accept themselves
Therapist listens and restates the client's words

Front 28

Gestalt Therapy

Back 28

Goal is to increase patient's self awareness and self acceptance. Dreams are thought to be representations of unacknowledged aspects of the dreamer.

Front 29

Emotion Focused Therapy

Back 29

Focuses on the emotions, patients reflect on emotions and create a meaning.

Front 30

Psychodynamic Therapy

Back 30

2 types
1) classical oriented
2) psychoanalytically oriented

Front 31

Freudian Psychoanalysis

Back 31

4 techniques
1) free association - patients say whatever come to mid, therapist tries to piece together client's disconnected ideas
2) analysis of the dream - dreams have manifest (the dream as it appears to the dreamer) and latent content (actual motives that are seeking expression).
3) analysis of resistance - therapist must cope with resistance
4) analysis of transference - people carry over and unconsciously apply to their therapist, attitudes, and feel that they had in their relationships

Front 32

Interpersonal Therapy

Back 32

Idea here is that individuals involuntarily evoke schemas acquired from early interactions in interpreting what is happening in current relationships

Front 33

Marital Therapy

Back 33

Both partners change
TBCT Based on a social learning model
goal is to increase caring behaviours and to teach partners to resolve conflict more constructively
does not work for everyone
IBCT is more effective than TBCT
IBCT focuses on acceptance strategies

Front 34

Family Therapy

Back 34

Thinks that if family context can be changes, then each member will have altered experience in the family.