Abnormal Psychology Chapter 1

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Cultural relativism

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Basting what is abnormal off of social constructs and views.

Psychologist do not use this typically nowadays.

In the past was used to label people and justify horrible things example Nazis.

Culture and gender do influence the ways people present symptoms.

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The four DS of abnormality

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The four dimensions:

Dysfunction, distress, deviance, and dangerousness.

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Dysfunctional

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Behaviors thoughts and feelings are dysfunctional when they interfere with the person's ability to function and daily life and hold a job or to form close relationships. The more dysfunctional behaviors and feelings are the more likely they are to be considered abnormal by mental health professionals.

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Distress

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Behaviors and feelings that cause distress to the individual or two others around him or her are also likely to be considered abnormal. Many problems can cause individuals tremendous emotional and physical pain. In other cases the person diagnosed with the disorder is not in distress that causes others distress. Example chronic lying, stealing, or violence.

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Deviant / highly deviant behaviors

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Highly deviant Behavior such as hearing voices when no one else is around, suicidal gestures and potential harm to the individual can lead lead to judgments of abnormality. What is deviant is influenced by cultural norms.

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Dangerous behaviors

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Behaviors and feelings such as a excessive aggression and or potentially harm others are often seen as abnormal

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Historical perspectives on abnormality three types

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The biological Theory: haven't viewed abnormal behaviors as similar to physical diseases, caused by the breakdown of systems in the body. The appropriate cure is the restoration of bodily health.

The supernatural theories: have you dab normal behaviors as a result of divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and personal sin. To read the person of the perceived Affliction, religious rituals, exorcisms, confessions, and atonement have been prescribed.

The psychological theories: have you dab normal behavior as a result of trauma, such as bereavement, or of chronic stress. According to these theories rest, relaxation, a change of environment, and certain herbal medicines are sometimes helpful

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Ancient China balance of Yin and Yang

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Based on the concepts of Yin and Yang.

Chinese Medical Plaza fee also held that humans emotion or controlled by internal organs

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Ancient Egypt Greece and Rome biological players dominate

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Wandering uterus: Egyptians believed that the uterus could become dislodged and wander throughout a woman's body, interfering with her other organs. Greeks later named this disorder hysteria. Treatment for this was strong smelling substances to drive the uterus back to its proper place.

today the term hysteria is used to refer to psychological symptoms that probably are the result of psychological processes.

Greeks and Romans saw abnormal behavior as an Affliction from the gods. Those Afflicted retreated to Temples where Kris held healing ceremonies.

Hippocrates classified abnormal behavior into four categories: epilepsy, Mania, Melancholy, and brain fever. Treatments for these included bleeding rest relaxation a change of climate or scenery, a change of diet, or living in a temperate life.

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Medieval views

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Are often described as a time of backward thinking dominated by an obsession with Supernatural forces. Between the 11th and 15th centuries. Witches and Witchcraft were accepted as real but we're considered mere nuisances, overrated by superstitious people. Well lay people probably did believe in demons and curses as cause of abnormal behavior. Evidence shows that Physicians and government officials in early middle ages attributed abnormal behavior to physical causes or traumas.

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Catholic Church in Europe witchcraft

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Beginning in the 11th century the power of the Catholic church in Europe was threatened by the breakdown of fundamentalists and by Rebellion. The church imprinted these threats to be in terms of heresy and Satanism. The witch hunts continuing long after the Reformation Reggie Miller height during the 15th centuries / Renaissance.

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Psychotic epidemics

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Are defined as a phenomenon in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have psychological origin. Middle Ages reports of dance frenzies or Mania were frequent.

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The spread of asylums

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As early as the 15th century many towns in Europe took some responsibility of Housing and caring for people considered mentally ill. The laws regarding the confinement of the mentally ill in Europe in the United States were concerned with protection of the public and the mentally ill persons relatives. They commonly lived in utter filth and deplorable conditions.

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Moral treatment in the 18th and 19th centuries / the mental hygiene movement

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The 1819 Century saw the growth of a more Humane treatment of people with mental health problems, a. Known as mental hygiene movement. New treatment was based on the psychological view that people develop problems because they had become separated from nature and had succumbed to the stress imposed by the rapid social changes of the time. Prescribed treatment included prayers and incantations, rest and relaxation in a Serene and physically appealing place.

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Philippe pinel

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A leader of the movement of moral treatment of people with abnormality. He believed that many forms of abnormality could be cured by restoring patients dignity and tranquility. He ordered that patients be allowed to walk freely around the Asylum. Provided with clean and sanitary rooms comfortable sleeping quarters and good food. Nurses and professional therapists were trained to work with patients to help them regain your sense of Tranquility.

Treatment was successful.

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Dorothea Dix

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Retired school teacher living in Boston. Texas lobbying efforts led to the passage of laws and Appropriations to fund the cleanup of Mental Hospitals and the training of mental health professionals dedicated to the moral treatment of patients. Between 1841 and 1881 dicks personally helped establish more than 30 mental institutions in the United States Canada Newfoundland and Scotland. Hundreds more public hospitals for the insane established during this. But others were ran accordingly to humanitarian perspectives.

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Downside of moral treatment movement

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Grew too fast. Not enough medical health professionals to maintain Humane individual approach to each patient. Physicians nurses and other caretakers simply did not have enough time to give each patient the calm and dedicated attention needed. Even some patients who received the best moral treatment could not benefit from it because their problems were not due to a loss of dignity or tranquility. Rapid immigration into the United States in the late 19th century meant that an increase percentage of its Asylum patients were from different cultures and often from the lower social economic classes. Prejudice against the foreigners combined with increasing attention to the failures of moral treatment lead to declines in public support of funding institutions, effective treatments for most major mental health problems were not developed until well into the twentieth century. Until then patients who could not afford private care were warehoused in large, overcrowded, physically isolated State institutions that did not offer treatment.

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The beginning of modern biological perspective

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Basic knowledge of the anatomy physiology, neurology, and chemistry of the body increase Italy in the late 19th century. Focus on biological causes of abnormality increased.

Wilhelm Griesinger: presented a systematic argument that all pathological disorders can be explained in terms of brain pathology.

Emil Kraepelin: published text emphasizing the importance of brain pathology in psychological disorders. More importantly she developed a scheme for classifying symptoms into discrete disorders that is the basis of our modern classification systems.,

Having a good classification system gives investigators a common set of labels for disorders as well as a set of criteria for distinguishing between them, contributing immensely to the advancement of scientific study of disorders.

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Modern biological theories of abnormality

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The cause of General paresis a disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually dead. Duffy 1995 reports that patients with paresis also had a history of syphilis lead to the suspicion that syphilis might be the cause of Perry sis. The discovery that syphilis is the cause of one form of insanity let great weight to the idea that biological factors can cause abnormal behavior.

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Theories and treatments of abnormality

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Modern biological theories of the psychological disorders have focused on the role of genetics, structural and functional abnormalities in the brain, and biochemical imbalances. The advances in our understanding of biological aspects psychological disorders have contributed to the development of therapeutic medicines.

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The psychoanalytic perspective

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Mezmur: believe the distribution of magnetic fluid in one person could be influenced by the magnetic forces other people. His practices were labeled charlatan buy a scientific Review Committee. Yeah and his methods known as mesmerism continue to fuel debate long after he faded Into Obscurity. The cures Mesmer affected in his psychiatric patients were attributed to the trans like state that Messmer seem to and his patients. Later the state was labeled hypnosis. Under hypnosis he was able to suggest that their ailments would disappear seemed enough to make them actually disappear. The connection between hypnosis and Hysteria fascinated several leading scientists of the time although not all scientists accepted this connection.

Jean charcot: disagreed and argued that hysteria was caused by degeneration in the brain. He was later one over by work done by Nancy bernhiem and liebault and became a leading researcher in psychological causes for abnormal behavior. The three of them did a great deal to advance psychological perspectives on abnormality. His students was Sigmund Freud.

Fred: was a neurologist who went to study with him in 1985 Freud became convinced that much of the mental life of an individual remains hidden from consciousness. Freud and Breuer discovered that encouraging patients to talk about their problems while under hypnosis led to a great upwelling and release of emotion which eventually was called catharsis. Patience discussed his or hers problem under hypnosis with less censored than conscious discussions allowing therapist to elect important psychological material more easily. This discovery led to the development of psychoanalysis the study of the unconscious. The impact of Freud's theories on development of psychology over the next century was huge and Tennis day still is.

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The roots of behavioralism

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Ivan Pavlov: discovered classical conditioning through dog study. She rejected psychoanalytic and biological theories of abnormal behavior such as phobias and explain them entirely on the basis of the individuals history of conditioning.

Thorndike, skinner: study the consequences of behavior is shaped the likelihood of recurrence. Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be re repeated then behaviors followed by negative consequences. This process came to be known as operant or instrumental conditioning.

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Behavioralism

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The study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on Behavior. Has had a profound impact on psychology and on are our common knowledge of psychology, as a psychoanalytic theory. Behavioral theories have led to many of the effective psychological treatments for disorders

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The cognitive Revolution

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Cognitions are thought processes like attention, interpretation of events, and beliefs that influence behavior and emotion. The cognitive Revolution shifted perspectives towards such internal processes.

Albert bandura: argue that people's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events which he called self-efficacy beliefs are crucial in determining people's well-being.

Albert Ellis: argued that people prone to psychological disorders are plagued by irrational negative assumptions about themselves and the world. He developed a theory of emotional problems based on his theory called rational emotive therapy. This therapy was controversial because it required therapist to challenge, sometimes harshly, their patients irrational belief systems. It moved psychology into the study of thought processes behind serious emotional problems.

Aaron beck: focus on the irrational thoughts of people with psychological problems. Beck's cognitive theory has become one of the most widely used therapies for many disorders.

* since the 1970s there is have continued to emphasize cognitive factors in Psychopathology, although behavioral theorists have remained strong as interpersonal theories, how become more prominent.

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Modern mental health care

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Discovery of a class of drugs that can reduce hallucinations and delusions, known as phenothiazines made it possible for many people who had been institutionalized for years to be released from asylums in hospitals. The biochemical approach has revolutionised the way we understand and treat mental disorders as biochemical phenomenon.

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Desensitization/ Community Mental Health movement

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Patients right Advocates argued that mental patients can recover more fully or live more satisfactory lives if they are integrated into the community. With the support of the community based treatment facilities a process known as desensitization. Many of these patients would continue to need round-the-clock care, it could be given in treatment centers based in neighborhoods rather than in large in personal institutions.

John Kennedy search the Community Mental Health movement in 1963. The movement had both positive and negative consequences. Between 1955 and 2006 the number of patients in state psychiatric hospitals in the united states decline from 559000 to about 38,000. Several types of community-based treatment facilities were created as part of deinstitutionalization these included Community Mental Health Centers, halfway houses, day treatment centers. People with acute problems that require hospitalization may go to inpatient Wards of General hospitals or specialized psychiatric hospitals.

Down side, the resources to care for all the mental patients released from institutions have never been adequate. There were not enough halfway houses or Community Mental Health Centers built 28% of European countries have few or no community-based services for people with serious mental health problems. 10 + women released from mental institutions began living and nursing homes, son began living on streets. Researchers estimate that up to four-fifths of all long-term homeless adults in the United States in Europe have a major mental disorder and or a severe substance use disorder. Many end up in jail one study of prison inmates found that two-thirds had experienced some form of diagnosable mental disorder in their lifetime. In some areas correctional facilities are the largest providers of Mental Health Services oh, some argue that following deinstitutionalization jails have become defacto institutions. Although deinstitutionalization began with goals many of these goals were never fully reached leaving many people who formerly would have been institutionalized in Mental Hospitals no better off.

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Managed Care

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Is a collection of methods for coordinating care that ranges from simple monitoring 2 total control over what care can be provided and paid for. The goals are to coordinate services for an existing medical problem and to prevent future medical problems. Managed Care can solve some of the problems created by deinstitutionalization for example instead of leaving it up to people with a serious psychological problem where their families to find appropriate care the primary provider might find this care and ensure that patients have access to it. On the downside however Mental Health Care is often not covered fully by health insurance. Also many people do not have any health insurance. Mental Health Services are expensive because mental health problems are sometimes chronic and mental health treatment can take a long time. The Medicaid Program covers one-quarter of all mental health care spending in the United States and has been a target for reductions in recent years even as the number of people seeking Mental Health Care has risen. Many states has reduced or restricted eligibility and benefits for mental health care, increased co-payments, controlled drug costs, and reduced or frozen payments to providers. Only 50 to 60% of people in the United States with serious psychological problems receive stable mental health treatment

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Professions within abnormal psychology

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Psychiatrist have an MD degree and have received specialized training and treatment of psychological problems. Can prescribe medications for the treatment of these problems and have been trained to conduct Psychotherapy as well.

Clinical psychologists typically have a PhD in Psychology, with a specialization and treating and researching psychological problems. Some have a Psy D degree for a graduate program that emphasizes clinical training more than research training. Clinical psychologist can conduct psychotherapy.

Marriage and family therapist specialize in helping families, couples, and children overcome problems that are interfering with their well-being.

Clinical social workers have a master's degree in social work and often focus on helping people with psychological problems overcoming social conditions that are contributing to their problems, such as joblessness or homelessness. Some states have licensed Mental Health Counselors individuals who have graduate training in counseling beyond the bachelor's degree in counseling but have not obtained a Ph.D psychiatrist nurses have a degree in nursing with a specialization in the treatment of people with severe psychological problems they often work on inpatient psychiatrique Wards in hospitals, delivering Medical Care and certain forms of psychotherapy such as group therapy and increase patients contact with one another.

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Chapter integration

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Money clinicians and researchers now believe that there is that integrates biological, psychological, and social perspectives on abnormality will prove most useful. In other words and integrationist approach to psychological problems.