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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definitions of abnormality |
Many people are diagnosed with a mental health disorder. How do we identify a mental health problem? What criteria do we use? Cultural context mental illness distress, dysfunction, danger, and deviance |
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Cultural norms cultural relativism |
Cultural norms our behaviors, beliefs situated in a cultural context. Cultural relativism are behaviors labeled relative to cultural norms. |
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Mental illness criterion |
Behavior meets diagnostic criteria for a specific label. Experiences fit diagnostic criteria sore symptom list. DSM - 5 has more than 300 criterias - 10% increase from DSM-4. ( collection of problems and thinking or cognition, an emotional responding or regulation, and and social behavior) Problem with living: when they struggle in their day-to-day relationships and in coping. If it goes on as in a extended period of time it is labeled as a mental health problem. Before giving a diagnosis that person in particular must have feelings of distress and discomfort. They must also have mild moderate or severe impairment in their functioning. They're functioning can include their ability to communicate, their actual Mobility, their ability to engage in self-care, to maintain relationships, do life activities, manage their household, do work, go to school. If that person really doesn't have any impairment in their function then we need to do it have a double look before giving them a label of a mental illness. Danger to self or others are generally taken more seriously. |
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Deviance |
Unusual or rare behaviors, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that break Norms of psychological functioning. May not be negative. Deviance criteria alone is not sufficient enough to give a label of mental health diagnosis. |
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Abnormality is based on |
Diagnostic criteria, distress, impaired functioning, Diagnostic criteria. Does the individual set the criteria and furthermore even if they meet the criteria do they exhibit distress or impaired functioning. Deviance, dangerousness, control context * have to take into account cultural context before labeling. |
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Oracle explanation of abnormal psychology |
Trephination: ( Stone and middle-aged) drilled into an individuals skull and the idea was that by drilling into the school and removing part of the school that most likely people believed that they were allowing the abnormal Behavior or spirits to exit the brain. Generally was quite often fatal. In ancient Chinese: ( Yin / yang) early concept about imbalance in the body creating discomfort and distress. We also saw an emphasis on imbalance in the Egyptians and the Greeks, and particularly into the thinking of hippocrates. There was early thing clean and particularly for women that if People's organs got misplaced in the body wandering uterus that this might be in an explanation for for abnormal behavior. Basically a lot of the things that were associated with depression if we were evident in women the wandering uterus is what was diagnosed. Hippocrates was the Greek philosopher, and he specifically argued that it was an imbalance in the fluid of the body that created abnormal behavior. The humors / fluids were blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. Argue that those fluids got out of balance oh, then you saw four different kinds of abnormal behavior, epilepsy Mania Melancholia which is another word for depression, and brain fever |
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Shift in the late Middle Ages |
Emphasis on Supernatural the idea that abnormal behavior or mental health was most likely reflective of displeasure of the Gods. Possession by evil spirits or witchcraft. The response to treat those difficulties was exorcism, include prayer, food restriction and even violence against the individual. There was also something that occurred with greater frequency during this time. Called psychic epidemics. It doesn't care now on occasion but it was much more common then. Where groups of people would are to be afflicted by the same behavior. Examples AR large groups of people engaging in dancing or engaging in unusual behavior at the same time. June bug outbreak 62 of the employees developed this mysterious illness and summer hospitalized. After extensive research by physicians and experts from the center of Disease Control it was concluded that the case was one of mass Hysteria. Some were indeed sick for the majority of the individuals anxiety was the culprit. |
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Emergence of modern perspectives in psychopathology |
The beginning of the biological perspective. This in particular gained significant weight and a ground when kraepelin worked on the classification symptom. Where he began to show that you could croup symptoms together and label them such that you could track them over time and see what treatment was working. And crafts wedding did a very unethical study at this day and age, but he took individuals who he suspected had had syphilis who were currently very cognitively affected, search that they were showing evidence of effectively what we would now label General paresis and dementia, and he injected them with syphilis. And his theory was if they already had syphilis they would show who signs of the disease and in fact that's what he found. Psychoanalytic perspective came along and I really wanted to think about people's experiences and their internal experiences in particular. Was focused on the idea that if people talked about what was happening inside you would really be able to understand their internal conflicts. As it developed there was more more emphasis on the child and caregiver relationship and how important that was. The roots of behaviorism, behaviorism was really a reaction to psychoanalytic perspective. There was a great emphasis on behaviors but you could have reserved and test to see if you can see change. So much less of an emphasis on the internal processes of individuals. And an emphasis on how to increase Behavior with reinforcement and decrease behaviors with punishment. Watson's example or statement that he could take any child and tabula rasa be as though he had a blank slate no matter who their parents were no matter what their genetics. The way he treated them with determine who they became. The cognitive Revolution came into place which recognized that behavior can take place both externally and the importance of thought process in the mind. Behaviorist would argue thoughts are a type of behavior, but not observable. The cognitive Revolution really emphasized the role of mental processes. Example recognizing self-efficacy as a concept. The idea that if you believe you have the capacity or the competency to do something, you're much more likely to be able to effectively accomplish that task. |
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Treatment in history |
Treatment would be to change abnormal thoughts and emotions. The way we understand it contributes to the way we treat the behaviors. In the twelfth Century we started to see special rooms people with mental disorders, asylums were establish. However medical treatment of a mental disorder did not necessarily mean that the people were being treated humanely. Examples the use of bleeding to correct imbalance of fluids, giving them ice treatments or denying them food, In many places people with mental illness were treated closely to prisoners and lived in very harsh conditions. Including things like public expeditions, or begging for food or any type of sustenance. In the late 1700s we saw the emergence of moral treatment movement. Was response to most inhumane treatments in most societies Limbs and there were some key key players. In 1793 Pinel, argued a patient should be treated with respect, and housed in clean spaces, allowed to walk around, and to interact. And then Tuke describe moral treatment again as treating patients with respect and encourage them to exercise self-control, so seeing them as capable of helping themselves. Then Dorothea Dix in the 1800s was an advocate treatment of the mentally ill and in response you did see changes to the way individuals were treated and you saw some efforts to be more respectful and to treat people with mental illnesses as less like prisoners. HOWEVER: however we did see overpopulation and immigration, such that hospitals continue to be overcrowded and understaffed, and, in particular underfunded, and the conditions continued generally to be quite poor for a long period of time |
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Treatment today |
The deinstitutionalization movement in 1960s and that came about with the emergence of medication psychotropic medication that would help people manage their psychotic symptoms. I help decrease the overt agitation, delusions, what we call positive symptoms in most cases, associated with some of the most severe disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar. And those medications in many cases allowed people to be much more a part of their communities and to reintegrate. And so for those reasons they offered tremendous benefit. BUT: they also meant that most institutions or places that offer treatment to the mentally ill decrease dramatically, and those who were seriously mentally ill oftentimes had fear places to go. The deinstitutionalize movement decrease the number of inpatient hospitals and forensics settings and places where people would stay in a residence, but they did not simultaneously increase to interact and provide outpatient care to those individuals. So we do have an imbalance often times of treatment that's needed versus treatment that is available. Many different kinds of people can provide psychological treatment. That can include clinical psychologists social workers medical doctors and counseling psychologists or counselor, licensed counselors. Current mental health professionals have different training and qualifications. In the United States medication is the first treatment for mental illness ahead of Therapies. Depending on a person's funding affects the type of treatment they may get if any at all. You have to have insurance or qualify for government assistance programs to be able to fund treatment for mental illness. Many times treatment is underfunded go today. Those with severe mental illness which is a little less than 5% of the overall population, of those individuals, just over half almost 65% have access treatment. That does mean that more than 1/3 are not accessing treatment, even of those individuals with severe mental illnesses. And some of those individuals most at risk for not accessing treatment are our young adults, are 18 to 25 year olds. |
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Legislator of the state of Idaho 2016 |
In the state of Idaho there was enough concern about access to treatment that they pass legislation that stated unequal health insurance coverage contributes to unfair stigmatization of person with serious mental illness. They noted the incidence rates of schizophrenia for 1% of idahoans, which is on Parallel with the rest of the country, and that individuals with schizophrenia represent about 30% of all hospitalized patients. They recognize the consequences if you're not treated for serious mental illness, including high risk of suicide and the fact that treatment can be effective if you have access to it. And in the end in 2018 they've taken different steps, but most recently they established the Idaho behavioral health planning Council who trying addressed issues in unequal health coverage and increase people's access to treatment. |
