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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This is the detonation of ones memory and related to cognitive faculties
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Dementia
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What are some psychological disorders that are tied to later life?
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Stress, depression, anxiety, substance abuse, delirium, dementia
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This is a field of psychology that is dedicated to the mental health of elderly people
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Geropsychology
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What are features of Depression in later life?
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Features and symptoms are the same for older adults
20% depression rate Increased risk of medical problems Increased suicide rate Similar treatments |
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What are the features of Anxiety Disorders in later life?
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Symptoms and treatments are the same for older adults
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is more common There is more to worry about (death) 7% anxiety rate It is underreported |
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What are the features of Substance Abuses in later life?
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Prevalence of Substance Abuse declines after age 60
4 to 7% of older people, particularly men, have alcohol related disorders Subset do not begin alcohol abuse until after 50's and 60's due to a reaction to negative events and pressures of aging It is more often through the use of prescription drugs The treatment is detoxification, antabuse, AA, and CBT |
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What are the features of Psychotic Disorders in later life?
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Higher rate of psychotic symptoms than in younger adults (life long disorders however)
Caused by underlying medical conditions, delusional disorder, or schizophrenia (though it is very rare that this would show up in an old age if the person had not already had it) |
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Disorders of Cognitions begin with these, with older adults forgetting names, looks, and memory problems
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Cognitive Mishaps (some more extensive than others)
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Disorders of Cognitions may lead to
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delirium and dementia
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What is Delirium?
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A clouding of consciousness
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What are the difficulties, causes, and results of Delirium?
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Difficulties: concentrating, focusing attention, thinking sequentially
Causes: fever, disease, infection, stroke, intoxication Results: state of misinterpretation, illusions, hallucinations |
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What is Dementia?
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A significant memory loss, with a loss of cognitive function, abstract thinking, language, and changes in personality and behavior
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Dementia is highly correlated with
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old age
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Delirium and Dementia could be due to
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organic or inorganic causes
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This is a gradually progressive disease, and is the most common form of dementia
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Alzheimer's Disease
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Alzheimer's Disease is typically fatal about how many years after the onset?
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8 to 10
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What are some symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?
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Eventually simple tasks become too difficult
Awareness of limitations lessens Full dependance on others Health deteriorates |
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These are twisted protein fibers found within the cells of the hippocampus and certain other brain areas, which occur in all people as they age, but people with Alzheimer's Disease form an extraordinary number of them
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Neurofibrillary Tangles
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These are sphere shaped deposits of a small molecule known as the beta-amyloid protein that form in the spaces between cells in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and certain other brain regions, as well as nearby blood vessels
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Senile Plaques
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What are the genetic causes of Alzheimer's Disease?
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Particular genes are responsible for the productions of proteins
Mutations in particular genes (increase the likelihood of plaque and tangles) Chromosomal predispositions to defect |
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What are the structural and biochemical causes of Alzheimer's Disease?
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Viruses
Toxins Autoimmune theory (as you age your body recognizes them less and less and begins to attack its own brain cells) Natural substances causing brain toxicity (exposure to Zinc) Biochemical changes (disturbance of proteins implicated in memory formation) Abnormal neurotransmitter activity |
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Another form of Dementia where the cause is stemmed from anything that disrupted the blood flow to your brain
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Vascular Dementia
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Another form of Dementia that is completely inherited
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Huntington's Disease
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Another form of Dementia that is a slowly progressive neurological disorder, but dopamine can be targeted for control
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Parkinson's Disease
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Cases of Dementia may also be caused by
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viral and bacterial infectious disorders (HIV, SYPH)
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Alzheimer's Diseases can only be accurately diagnosed
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after death, with an autopsy
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Research teams of Alzheimer's Disease are hopeful that through the use of CT and MRI scans, they can identify
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at-risk individuals
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The most effective treatment for Alzheimer's Disease happens preventatively or very early on, by doing this
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Preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter that winds up being deteriorated called AcH
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Cognitive treatments of Alzheimer's Disease may help
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prevent or delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment
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Behavioral treatments of Alzheimer's Disease has modest success by
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teaching family members how and when to apply reinforcement in order to shape more positive behaviors
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What are the structural and biochemical causes of Alzheimer's Disease?
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Viruses
Toxins Autoimmune theory (as you age your body recognizes them less and less and begins to attack its own brain cells) Natural substances causing brain toxicity (exposure to Zinc) Biochemical changes (disturbance of proteins implicated in memory formation) Abnormal neurotransmitter activity |
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Another form of Dementia where the cause is stemmed from anything that disrupted the blood flow to your brain
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Vascular Dementia
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Another form of Dementia that is completely inherited
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Huntington's Disease
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Another form of Dementia that is a slowly progressive neurological disorder, but dopamine can be targeted for control
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Parkinson's Disease
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Cases of Dementia may also be caused by
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viral and bacterial infectious disorders (HIV, SYPH)
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Alzheimer's Diseases can only be accurately diagnosed
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after death, with an autopsy
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Research teams of Alzheimer's Disease are hopeful that through the use of CT and MRI scans, they can identify
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at-risk individuals
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The most effective treatment for Alzheimer's Disease happens preventatively or very early on, by doing this
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Preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter that winds up being deteriorated called AcH
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Cognitive treatments of Alzheimer's Disease may help
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prevent or delay the onset of mild cognitive impairment
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Behavioral treatments of Alzheimer's Disease has modest success by
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teaching family members how and when to apply reinforcement in order to shape more positive behaviors
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This is the treatment of Dementia, where a series of themed activities stimulate or engage and provide learning and social benefits, which may lead to progress in memorization
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Cognitive Stimulation Therapy
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This is the treatment for Depression in the elderly, which is aimed at reducing depression, increasing life satisfaction, improving self-care, improving self-esteem, and coping with crises/losses/transitions. You reconstruct life stories and use materials as triggers, and this provides perspective, acceptance, and resolution to their depression
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Reminiscence/Life review therapy for Depression
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This is a loss of contact with reality, which leads to distress and impairment
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Psychosis
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These are perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli
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Hallucinations
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These are false beliefs that are followed despite any evidence against them
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Delusions
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This occurs more often in lower socio-economic groups, amounts to be 25% of inpatients hospitalized, and 1% of the population
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Schizophrenia
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These are positive symptoms of Schizophrenia
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Pathological excesses (bizarre additions to a person's behavior): delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perceptions and hallucinations, and inappropriate affect
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These are negative symptoms of Schizophrenia
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Pathological deficits (characteristics lacking in an individual): poverty of speech, blunted or flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal
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In Schizophrenia. this is when voices tell the individual what to do
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Command Hallucinations
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Common in Schizophrenia, this is when an individual makes up words to which they know the meaning
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Neologisms
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In Schizophrenia, this is when an individual rapidly shift from one topic to another, believing that their incoherent statements make sense
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Loose Associations (Derailment)
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In Schizophrenia, these are emotions that are unsuited to the situation
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Inappropriate Affects
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What are the 4 A's when dealing with the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?
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Alogia (a reduction in speech)
Avolition (drained of energy and interest) Affected, blunted, or flat affect (no emotions at all) Anhedonia (lack of pleasure or enjoyment) |
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What are the Rule of 3's when dealing with Schizophrenia?
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1/3 have a severe, chronic case
1/3 can function with support at least temporarily 1/3 are high functioning and can "outgrow" |
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This phase of Schizophrenia refers to an individual who shows mild symptoms
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Prodromal
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This phase of Schizophrenia refers to an individual who meets full criteria, and the symptoms are very apparent
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Active
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This phase of Schizophrenia refers to an individual who gets a diagnosis of Schizophrenia, and will always have it
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Residual
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According to the DSM checklist, those with Schizophrenia must experience
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2 Schizophrenic symptoms, functioning below level of achievement prior to onset, and 6 months of disturbances, with 1 month of the symptoms in full and active form
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Subtype of Schizophrenia: complex delusions, paranoid delusions of someone or something after you (best prognosis)
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Paranoid
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Subtype of Schizophrenia: disorganized speech or behaviors
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Disorganized
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Subtype of Schizophrenia: not being mobile (worst prognosis)
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Catatonic
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Subtype of Schizophrenia: meet criteria for Schizophrenia but not the subtypes
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Undifferentiated
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Subtype of Schizophrenia: diagnosed at one point but no clinical diagnosis
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Residual
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This is various psychotic symptoms that resemble Schizophrenia, in which individuals are first diagnosed with this, and it can sometimes be in response to a traumatic event. There are one or more symptoms, but it lasts less than a month
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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This is various psychotic symptoms that resemble Schizophrenia, but only last 1 month to 6 months
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Schizophreniform Disorder
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This is persistent delusions that are not bizarre and not due to Schizophrenia, involving persecutory and grandiose delusions as well. They lead functional lives, but suffer interpersonal dysfunction, and do not respond to anti-psychotics
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Delusional Disorder
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This is when psychosis is always present, but mania and depression is on top of that (Bipolar). These individuals don't have periods of normalcy and do respond to antipsychotics and mood stabilizers, however the prognosis is not that good
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Schizoaffective Disorder
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Schizophrenia was thought to be
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beyond help, with long-term hospitalization
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This therapy of the past stated that institutions can help individuals by creating a social climate that builds productive activity, self-respect, and a sense of responsibility
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Milieu Therapy
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This therapy, based on Operant Conditioning, stated that for good behavior, patients would get tokens and exchange them for personal incentives (for being a little less psychotic, they get more tokens). This, however, is not very transitional as it is not the way the real world works
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Token economy programs
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These drugs eliminate many Schizophrenic symptoms and today are almost always a part of treatment
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Antipsychotics
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These are conventional antipsychotic drugs, so called because they often produce undesired effects similar to the symptoms of neurological disorders
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Neuroleptic Drugs
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This is where people with a biological predisposition will develop Schizophrenia only if certain kinds of events or stressors are also present
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Diathesis-Stress Relationship
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The Biological perspective looks at these factors when examining the cause of Schizophrenia
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Genetics
Structure of the brain (shape) and enlarged ventricles (spinal ventricles) Viral theories (In utero exposure) Biochemical brain abnormalities (Dopamine Hypothesis) |
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This looked at prescribing medication that would reduce Schizophrenia, causing Parkinson's, and since Parkinson's is known to affect dopamine, dopamine may be related to Schizophrenia (overactivity of dopamine receptors)
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Dopamine Hypothesis
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These were originally antihistamines, which later became known as Phenothiazines. Side effects were tardive dyskinesia and physical and cognitive symptoms
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Original (1st generation) antipsychotic drugs
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These specifically targeted D2 receptors. Side effects were extrapyramidal symptoms
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Alternative 1st generation antipsychotics
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These affected D2 receptors and serotonin, and was a challenge to the Dopamine Hypothesis. They did not cause motor side effects, but did cause risk for infection, weight gain, blood sugar, and heartbeat abnormalities
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2nd generation antipsychotics (atypicals)
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These partially targets D2 and partially targets serotonin receptor. It has high anxiety and high depressive effects too
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3rd generation antipsychotics
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Antipsychotics reduce symptoms of Schizophrenia in
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65% of patients
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Medication is taken lifelong in Schizophrenia, and the maximum level of improvement is
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6 months
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This happens if a person discontinues medication for Schizophrenia
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Relapse
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This is when a clinician discovers which medication works by prescribing medication and seeing what the effects are
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Trial and error method
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The majority of medications are
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non-FDA approved indications
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This perspective on Schizophrenia states that an individual regresses to a pre-ego state and attempts to reestablish ego control (when certain people realize life is harsh, they regress back to their ID needs)
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Psychodynamic
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According to the Psychodynamic perspective, research discovered from this found that those with Schizophrenia had mothers who didn't meet their needs or were cold, thus it was correlated between the two, though correlation does not cause causation
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The "Schizophrenic Mother"
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This perspective on Schizophrenia suggests a lack of reinforcement for social cues, logical thought pattern, and the behavior which become increasingly bizarre (little research support)
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Behavioral
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This perspective on Schizophrenia states a biological onset with cognitive misinterpretation (with paranoia, symptoms get worse)
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Cognitive
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What is the Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Schizophrenia?
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Starts with Psychoeducation
Challenges to psychosis Coping techniques |
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This perspective on Schizophrenia states that the disorder might develop as a child growing up very confused, thus contradictory messages confuse the child (yells at child and laughs)
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Sociocultural
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How much more likely is it that Schizophrenia with develop with a family who sends contradictory messages, displays more conflict, has a greater difficulty communicating, and are over involved in their children?
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4 times more likely
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According to the Sociocultural perspective, what does family therapy accomplish in Schizophrenia?
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Address high degree of Expressed Emotion
Promotes realistic expectations Psychoeducate, medication management |
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With this, patients can be hospitalized, get medication, and make sure they are not a danger
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Short-term hospitalization
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With this, patients spend the entire day with other individuals with alike disorders, therapists, volunteer's, etc.
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Partial Care Programs
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With this, those who cannot live alone will collectively live here, which typically runs with therapy
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Group Home
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How many homelessness can possibly have schizophrenia?
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1/3
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What are the problems with community treatment in Schizophrenia?
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Not a pretty picture as one may think
40 to 60% receive no community treatment Lack of inter-agency communication Inadequate services Misuse of services |
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With this, patients spend the entire day with other individuals with alike disorders, therapists, volunteer's, etc.
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Partial Care Programs
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With this, those who cannot live alone will collectively live here, which typically runs with therapy
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Group Home
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How many homelessness can possibly have schizophrenia?
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1/3
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What are the problems with community treatment in Schizophrenia?
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Not a pretty picture as one may think
40 to 60% receive no community treatment Lack of inter-agency communication Inadequate services Misuse of services |
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This is a unique and long standing pattern of inner experience and outward behavior, it is learned or inherited, or a combination of the two (personality traits)
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Personality
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When does personality become a problem?
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When you don't have the flexibility to adapt to a situation or atmosphere
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This is rigid, pervasive patterns seen in most interactions that differ from experiences that are usually expected, and are chronic. It causes clinically, significant dysfunction, and is not diagnosed until about 17
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Personality Disorders
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Categories of Personality Disorders: odd, eccentric, or unusual behavior ranging from distrust and suspiciousness to social detachment
Includes: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal |
Cluster A
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A Personality Disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
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What is the Biological explanation to Paranoid Personality Disorder?
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Thought by psychodynamics that parents are projecting paranoia into the child
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What two perspectives are used for the treatment of Paranoid Personality Disorder?
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Psychodynamic and Biological (medication)
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A Personality Disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion (negative symptoms of schizophrenia)
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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What is the explanation for Schizoid Personality Disorder?
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Parents are unaccepting or abusive and the individual is unable to pick up emotions (cognitive)
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What is the treatment for Schizoid Personality Disorder?
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Group therapy (though they are not interested) and medication
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This is a Personality Disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd forms of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities (positive symptoms of schizophrenia).
Just sort of an oddness about them (people who believe in magic, slight delusions in strange thinking, too happy about traumatic affect) |
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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These two words go along with Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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Magical Thinking
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What is the explanation for Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
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Similar to Schizophrenia (excess of dopamine)
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What is the treatment for Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
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Increasing contact, social skills, and challenging thought processes
Antipsychotics |
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Categories of Personality Disorders: tendency to be dramatic, emotional, and erratic; impulsive behavior often involving antisocial behavior
Includes: Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial, Borderline |
Cluster B
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This is a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. They use provocative and dramatic behavior, using appearance or sexuality for attention (must be center of attention)
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
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What is the explanation for Histrionic Personality Disorder?
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It is a reinforcement for dramatic behavior, a extreme ideal of femininity (culture promotes this), and being overdrammatic, but always getting others to protect them
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This is a Personality Disorder marked by a broad pattern of entitlement, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. They focus on power and advantage, and expect to be treated superior to others
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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What is the explanation for Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
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It is an overcompensation for feeling inadequate (or parents were too positive)
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What are the two perspective treatments for Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
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Psychodynamic (recognize the defenses the narcissist uses) and Cognitive (focus on the ration and opinions of others)
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This is a Personality Disorder marked by a general pattern of disregard for the rights of others, not exclusively during schizophrenia or mania. The individual must be at least 18, and indicated by 3 or more DSM criteria's
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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How many serial killers and rapists have been diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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1/2 of all
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How many individuals in prison have Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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75%
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Antisocial Personality Disorder: individual feels little remorse and is more impulsive
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Sociopath
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Antisocial Personality Disorder: individual is calm, has a rigid order to plan, has no remorse, with cold calculation
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Psychopath
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What is the explanation for Antisocial Personality Disorder?
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Lack of attachment, dangerous environments, modeling, and lower anxiety of life
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Treatment of Antisocial Personality Disorder is
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ineffective
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This is a Personality Disorder in which a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by 5 or more of the DSM criteria's (shifts in mood, intense anger, self-injury, splitting, manipulation)
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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This is going from one extreme to the other, typically found in Borderline Personality Disorder
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Splitting
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What is the background of Borderline Personality Disorder?
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Starts with biology (likely sexual trauma) and invalidation (and when they told, they were not believed, and thus invalidated)
Leads to difficulty regarding emotions, abuse, and neglect |
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What is the treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder?
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy
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Categories of Personality Disorders: anxiety and fearfulness (sometimes difficult to distinguish these from anxiety) based disorders
Includes: Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive |
Cluster C
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This is a Personality Disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation (preoccupied with being ridiculed)
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
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What is the background of Avoidant Personality Disorder?
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Trauma (early experiences of shame and rejection) and being similar in anxiety (social situations)
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What is the treatment for Avoidant Personality Disorder?
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Social skills training, challenging beliefs, and resolving conflicts
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This is a Personality Disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of (excessive relying on others)
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Dependent Personality Disorder
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What is the background for Dependent Personality Disorder?
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Parents were over involved, there is an insecure attachment style, and Dichotomous (black or white) thinking
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What is the treatment for Dependent Personality Disorder?
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Assertiveness training, challenging, and group therapy
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This is a Personality Disorder marked by an intense focus on perfectionism, organization, being lost in details, being frugal, and being stubborn
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
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What is the background for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?
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Psychodynamics state that these individuals are anally fixated, have a struggle with over control, and have a distorted perception of failure
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What is the treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?
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Challenge perfectionism and exposure therapy
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What are the 3 problems in diagnosing Personality Disorders?
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Personality Disorders are not as sharply defined as Axis I diagnostic categories
Categories are not mutually exclusive (different personalities have same Personality Disorder diagnosis) Personality characteristics that define Personality Disorders are dimensional in nature (similar) |
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What are the new changes in the DSM-V?
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There are no Paranoid, Schizoid, Histrionic, or Dependent Personality Disorders (Personality Disorder Trait Specified)
Dimensional diagnosing (indicating the level that most closely characterizes the patients functioning in the self and interpersonal domain) |
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The indicator to Personality Disorders are
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personal reactions
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What are the 3 main treatments for Personality Disorders?
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Object-Relations theory (expressing rage and turning it outward)
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Schema Therapy (changing one's core beliefs) |
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What is involved in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)?
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Therapist is directive and non-directive, empathetic and challenging
Psychoeducation Behavioral skills (tolerating stress, interpersonal skills, regulative emotions, mindfulness) Individual sessions (Address suicidal/para-suicidal behavior, address PTSD symptoms, and self-respect) |
