Abnormal Psych Exam 3

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• Sexual dysfunctions

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: problems in the normal sexual response cycle that affect sexual desire, arousal and response

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• Gender-identity disorder

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an incongruity or conflict between one’s physical sex and one’s psychological feeling of being male or female.

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• Paraphilia

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sexual urges and fantasies about situations, objects or people that are not part of the usual arousal pattern leading to reciprocal and affectionate sexual activity

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• Compulsive sexual behavior

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sex addiction

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• Sexual response cycle:

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o Appetite: person’s desire for sexual activity
o Arousal: Sexual stimulation occurs – heart rate, blood pressure and respiration rate increase. Guys get hard, girls get wet
o Orgasm: involuntary muscular contractions throughout the body. Women are capable of multiple orgasms.
o Resolution: relaxation of the body, heart rate, blood pressure and respiration return to normal.

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• Sexual dysfunction categories

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o Sexual desire disorders
o Sexual arousal disorders
o Orgasmic disorders
o Sexual pain disorders

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• Sexual dysfunction
o Sexual desire disorders

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o Sexual desire disorders: related to the appetite phase – lack of sexual desire.
• Hypoactive sexual desire disorder: little or no interest in sexual activity
• Sexual aversion disorder: an avoidance and aversion to sexual intercourse

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• Sexual dysfunction
o Sexual arousal disorders

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o Sexual arousal disorders: problems of pleasure or getting sexually excited
• Male erectile disorder (ED): can’t get/stay hard
• Female sexual arousal disorder: can’t get/stay aroused during sexual activity

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• Sexual dysfunction
o Orgasmic disorders

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o Orgasmic disorders: problems with orgasm phase
• Female/male orgasmic disorder: delay or inability to achieve orgasm after reaching excitement phase
• Premature ejaculation: ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before, during or shortly after penetration

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• Sexual dysfunction
o Sexual pain disorders

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o Sexual pain disorders
• Dyspareunia: genital pain in a man or woman before, during, after sex
• Vaginismus: involuntary spasm of the outer third of the vaginal wall that prevents sexual intercourse

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• Gender identity disorder

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(transsexualism) conflict between a person’s anatomical sex and his or her gender identity or self identification as a male or female.

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penis inversion

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turning penis into vagina

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types of Paraphilia’s

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o Nonhuman objects
• Fetishism: sexual attraction and fantasies involving nonliving objects such as female undergarments
• Transvestic fetishism: intense sexual arousal by cross-dressing
o Non-consenting others
• Exhibitionism: urges, acts or fantasies involving exposure of genitals to a stranger
• Voyeurism: urges, acts or fantasies of observing an unsuspecting person disrobing or engaging in sexual activity
• Frotteurism: urges, acts or fantasies of touching or rubbing against a non consenting person
• Pedophilia: urges, acts or fantasies involving sexual contact with a child
o Real suffering or humiliation
• Sadism: sexually arousing urges, fantasies or acts associated with inflicting physical or psychological suffering
• Masochism: Sexual urges, fantasies or acts associated with being humiliated or made to suffer.

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• Rape trauma syndrome

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a two-phase syndrome that rape victims may experience, including emotional reactions as psychological distress, phobic reactions and sexual dysfunction
o Acute phase: disorganization – fear, self-blame, depression
o Long term phase: reorganization – lingering fears and phobic reactions continue, sexual dysfunctions, lack of desired

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• Rapist

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o Power rapist: feels inadequate
o Anger rapist: angry at women
o Sadistic rapist: gets satisfaction from inflicting pain

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• Mood disorder

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Disturbances in emotions that cause subjective discomfort, hinders a person’s ability to function or both

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types of mood disorder

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o Unipolar depression
o Bipolar disorder
• Mania
• Depressive disorders
o Major depressive disorder
o Dysthymic disorder

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o Unipolar depression
-SYMPTOMS

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a mood disorder in which only depression occurs and that is characterized by intense sadness, feelings of worthlessness and withdrawal from others.
• Affective symptoms: depressed mood, feelings of sadness, excessive mourning, feelings of worthlessness
• Cognitive symptoms: very pessimistic, thoughts of suicide, self denigration, loss of motivation
• Behavioral symptoms: social withdrawal, lowered productivity, low energy
• Physiological symptoms: appetite/weight changes, constipation, sleep disturbance, disruption of normal menstrual cycle, aversion to sexual activity

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o Bipolar disorder

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o Bipolar disorder: a mood disorder in which depression is accompanied by mania – elevated mood, irritability often resulting in hyperactivity
• Mania: characteristic of bipolar disorder, consisting of elevated mood, irritability, often resulting in hyperactivity

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• Depressive disorders:
-kinds

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• Depressive disorders: disorders that include major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder with no history of manic episode; also called unipolar depression
o Major depressive disorder: a major depressive episode whose symptoms include a depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure, weight loss or gain, sleep difficulties, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, inability to concentrate, and recurrent thoughts of death
o Dysthymic disorder: depressed mood which is chronic and relatively continual and doe not meet the criteria for major depression- less severe

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• Etiology of unipolar depression
o Biological dimension

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• Hereditary
• Neurotransmitters
• brain structure activities
• cortisol levels in the body are associated with depression

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• Etiology of unipolar depression
o Psychological dimension
• Psychodynamic
• Behavioral
• Cognitive
• Cognitive-learning:

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o Psychological dimension
• Psychodynamic: focus on separation and anger
• Behavioral: focus on reduced reinforcement following losses
• Cognitive: low self-esteem as an important factor
• Schemas: a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information
o Arbitrary inference: draw conclusion not supported by evidence
o Selected abstraction: picks out evidence supporting their belief
o Overgeneralization: draws a conclusion based on picked out evidence
o Magnification and minimization: exaggerate limitations and minimize accomplishments
• Cognitive-learning:
• Learned helplessness: an acquired belief that one is helpless and unable to affect the outcomes in one’s life

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• Etiology of unipolar depression
o Social dimension

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• Relationships:
• Interpersonal stressors
• Social supports

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• Etiology of unipolar depression
o Sociocultural dimension

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• Cultural
• Gender
• Demographic
• Socioeconomic

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• Treatment for unipolar depression

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o Cognitive-behavioral treatment: seeks to replace negative thoughts with more realistic (or positive) cognitions
o Interpersonal therapy: short-term treatment focused on interpersonal issues
o Biomedical approaches: increasing the amounts of neurotransmitters available at brain synapses or affecting the sensitivity of postsynaptic receptors

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• Symptoms of bipolar or manic depressive disorder
-two levels of manic intensity

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• Symptoms of bipolar or manic depressive disorder
o Cognitive symptoms: symptoms of mania include grandiosity, flightiness, intrusive thoughts, lack of focus, poor judgment
o Behavioral symptoms: uninhibited, engaging impulsively in sexual activity or abusive discourse
• Two levels of manic intensity
• Hypomania: milder form, people seem to be “high” in mood and overactive in behavior, dominate conversation
• Mania: display more disruptive behaviors including pronounced overactivity, grandiosity and irritability
o Physiological symptoms: decreased need for sleep, high levels of arousal

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• Cyclothymic disorder

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• Cyclothymic disorder: a chronic continual mood disorder in which I person is never symptom free for more than 2 months

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• What causes bipolar disorder?

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• What causes bipolar disorder?
o Biological
• Stronger genetic basis
o Psychological
o Social
o Sociocultural

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• How do you treat bipolar disorder?

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o The most effective treatment is lithium, lowers level of neurotransmitters at synapses
o Psychotherapy is also effective

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• Suicide

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• Suicide: the intentional, direct and conscious taking of one’s own life

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• Suicide ideation

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• Suicide ideation: thoughts about suicide

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• Psychological autopsy

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• Psychological autopsy: examination of information to explain/understand a person’s behavior before his or her death

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• Major explanations of suicide

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o Biological factors: may be important – low levels of serotonin
o Psychological factors: mental disturbance, depression, hopelessness, excessive alcohol consumption
o Social factors: lack of positive social relationships
o Socio-cultural factors: race, culture, ethnicity, class, gender

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• Lethality

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• Lethality: the probability that a person will choose to end his or her life

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o Schizophrenia

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o Schizophrenia: a group of disorders characterized by severely impaired cognitive processes, personality disintegration, affective disturbances and social withdrawal
o Lose contact with reality
o See or hear things not actually present

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o Schizophrenia symptoms:

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o Delusions
o Auditory hallucinations
o Marked disturbances in thinking, affect or speech
o Deteriorated from previous levels of functioning

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o Positive schizophrenia symptoms:

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a symptom of schizophrenia that involves unusual thoughts or perceptions such as delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder (shifting and unrelated ideas that product incoherent communication) and bizarre behavior

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o Delusions

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: a false belief that is firmly and consistently held despite disconfirming evidence or logic.

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o Delusional themes with schizophrenia

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o Delusions of grandeur: a persons belief that they are famous or powerful
o Delusions of control: belief that other people, animals or objects are trying to take control of them
o Delusions of thought broadcasting: a belief that others can hear the individual’s thoughts
o Delusions of persecution: a person’s belief that others are plotting against or even trying to kill them
o Delusions of reference: A person’s belief that he or she is always the center of attention (i.e. people are whispering behind their back)
o Thought withdrawal: a person’s belief that his or her thoughts are being removed from their mind

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o Capgras’s syndrome

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belief that the existence of identical “doubles” who coexist or replace people

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o Hallucinations

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o Hallucinations: A sensory perception (hearing, visual, smelling etc) that is not directly attributable to environmental stimuli

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o Loosening of associations

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o Loosening of associations: in schizophrenia, continual shifting from topic to topic without any apparent logical or meaningful connection between thoughts

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o Disorganized motor disturbances:

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o Disorganized motor disturbances: peculiar body movements, strange gestures

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o Negative Schizophrenic symptoms

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o Negative Schizophrenic symptoms: in schizophrenia, a symptom associated with an inability or decreased ability to initiate actions or speech, express emotions, or feel pleasure; includes avolition (an inability to take action or become goal-oriented), alogia (a lack of meaningful speech) and flat affect (little or no emotion in situations in which strong reactions are expected)

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avolition

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an inability to take action or become goal-oriented

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alogia

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a lack of meaningful speech

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flat affect

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little or no emotion in situations in which strong reactions are expected

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o Negative Schizophrenic symptoms
-primary symptoms
-secondary symptoms

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: in schizophrenia, a symptom associated with an inability or decreased ability to initiate actions or speech, express emotions, or feel pleasure; includes avolition (an inability to take action or become goal-oriented), alogia (a lack of meaningful speech) and flat affect (little or no emotion in situations in which strong reactions are expected)
o Primary symptoms: symptoms that arise from the disease itself
o Secondary symptoms: symptoms that may develop as a response to mediation, institutionalization or depression

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o Cognitive symptoms

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in schizophrenia, a symptom that is associated with problems with attention, memory and difficulty developing a plan of action

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o Types of schizophrenic disorders (kinds)

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o Paranoid schizophrenia
o Disorganized schizophrenia
o Catatonic schizophrenia
o Undifferentiated schizophrenia
o Residual schizophrenia

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o Types of schizophrenic disorders
o Paranoid schizophrenia

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• Symptoms
• Preoccupations with one or more systemized delusions or auditory hallucinations
• Absence of disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate affect
• High level of anxiety

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o Types of schizophrenic disorders
o Disorganized schizophrenia

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• Symptoms
• Grossly disorganized speech and behavior
• Flat or grossly inappropriate affect

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o Types of schizophrenic disorders
o Catatonic schizophrenia

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• Symptoms
• Disturbance of motor activity
• Excessive excitement
• Agitation
• hyperactivity
• Withdrawn behavior patterns

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o Types of schizophrenic disorders
o Undifferentiated schizophrenia

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• Symptoms
• Shows prominent psychotic symptoms
• Does not meet criteria for other types

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o Types of schizophrenic disorders
o Residual schizophrenia

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• Absence of prominent psychotic features
• Continuing evidence of two or more symptoms

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o Brief psychotic disorder

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: psychotic disorder that lasts no longer than one month

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o Schizophreniform disorder

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: psychotic disorder that lasts more than one month but less than six months

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Delusional disorder
o Erotomania
o Jealousy
o Persecution
o Somatic complaints

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o Delusional disorder: a disorder characterized by persistent nonbizarre delusions that are not accompanied by other unusual odd behaviors
o Erotomania: the belief that someone is in love with the individual
o Grandiosity: the belief that one has great, unrecognized talent or some special ability
o Jealousy: the conviction that one’s spouse or partner is being unfaithful
o Persecution: the belief in being plotted against
o Somatic complaints: convictions of having body odor, being malformed or being infested by insects or parasites

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o Shared psychotic disorder

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disorder in which a person who has a close relationship with an individual with delusional or psychotic beliefs comes to share those beliefs

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o Schizoaffective disorder:

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o Schizoaffective disorder: a disorder characterized by a mood disorder (major depression or bipolar disorder) and the presence of psychotic symptoms “for at least two weeks in the absence of prominent mood symptoms”
o Common with females

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o Course of schizophrenia

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o Prodromal phase: the onset and buildup of schizophrenic symptoms--- isolation, peculiar behaviors, inappropriate affect, poor communication
o Active phase: full blown symptoms
o Residual phase: symptoms are no longer prominent

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o Causes of schizophrenia

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o Genetic and environment factors combine to cause the disorder. Heredity is a major factor but not enough to cause it. Little evidence that psychological factors in and of themselves can cause the condition

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o Causes of schizophrenia
o Biological

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• Endophenotypes
• Brain structure
• Neurotransmitters
• Dopamine hypothesis: the suggestion that schizophrenia may result form excess dopamine activity in synapse.

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o Causes of schizophrenia
o Psychological:

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• Depression, feeling worthless

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o Causes of schizophrenia
o Social

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• Expressed emotion: a negative communication pattern that is found among some relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and that is associated with higher relapse rates – number of hostile statements/criticism by family member

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o Causes of schizophrenia
o Sociocultural

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• Women tend to get later onsets of schizophrenia
• Lower education
• Poorer

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o Schizophrenia treatments

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o Antipsychotics
• Neuroleptic: antipsychotic drug that can help treat symptoms of schizophrenia but can also produce undesirable side effects such as symptoms that mimic neurological disorders
o Psychotherapy
o Psychosocial therapy – social skills training, changing communication patterns