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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define tissue
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Collection of structurally similar cells with related function.
Form tight independent cell communities. Function cooperatively for a purpose. |
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Four primary tissues
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Muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial.
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Function of muscle tissue
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Movement and heat production
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Function of connective tissue
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Supports, insulates, cushions, and protects.
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Function of nervous tissue
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Control and communication.
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Function of epithelial tissue
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Protection by lining and covering.
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Six special characteristics of epithelium
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Cellularity, specialized contacts, polarity, avascularity, regeneration, and the basement membrane.
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Cellularity
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Composed of closely packed cells.
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Specialized contacts
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Gap junctions and desmosomes keep the cells tight together forming sheets.
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Polarity
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Apical and basal surface. Apical is facing the outside and sometimes possess villi/microvilli or cilia (trachea). Basal surface is attached to the connective tissue underneath by the basement membrane.
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Basement membrane
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Basal and reticular lamina are two layers. Basal is colagen and glycoprotein with attachment to lamina which is supported by the connective tissue.
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Avascularity
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No vessels are present.
Nourishment is from diffusion from connective tissue. |
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Regeneration
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High turnover of cells and constant regeneration by mitosis.
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Simple squamous epithelium
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Single layer of flat, scale-like cells. Located in the air sacs of lungs, blood, and lymphatic vessels. Function is diffusion and filtration with some protection.
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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Single layer of cube shaped cells with round nucleus. Function is secretion and absorption with limited protection. Location is the glands, ducts and tubules.
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Simple columnar epithelium
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Tall column cells with oval nucleus and can sometimes have cilia, villi and/or goblet cells on apical surface. Function is secretion, absorption, and protection.
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Single layer of columnar cells with different heights and oval nucleus at different levels with possibility of cilia and/or goblet cells on apical surface. Function is secretion, absorption, and protection. Location is m/c in upper respiratory tract.
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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Many layers of cells.
Squamous to columnar cells. Location is skin, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina. Function is physical protection from abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attacks. |
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium
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2 or 3 layers.
Cube shaped cells. Locations is some ducts. Function is protection, secretion and absorption. |
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Stratified columnar epithelium
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2 or 3.
Tall column cells. Location is maybe in larynx, male urethra, and some glands. Function is protection and absorption. |
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Transitional Epithelium
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2 or 3 layers.
Squamous or cuboidal. Location is ureters, bladder and urethra. Function is distention. |
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Cilia
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Function is to help proper substances out of lungs.
Example is the trachea. |
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Gland
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1 or more cells that produce and secrete a variety of secretions.
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Exocrine Glands
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Formed as invagination of epithelium and keep their ducts.
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Endocrine Glands
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Formed as invagination of epithelium and then lose their ducts.
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Unicellular Glands
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Single cells in epithelium, provide mucin, protect and provide lubrication.
Goblet cells, found in respiratory and digestive tracts. |
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Multicellular Glands
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Derived from epithelium with a secretory unit and fibrous capsule.
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Simple Glands
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One unbranched duct
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Compound Glands
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Two or more branched ducts
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Tubular exocrine gland
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Tube like shape.
Found in intestinal and stomach glands. |
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Alveolar exocrine glands
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Small flask like sacs.
Examples are sebaceous and mammary glands. |
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Tubuloalveolar exocrine glands
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Contain both alveolar and tubular secretory units.
Example is salivary glands. |
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Holocrine exocrine glands
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Accumulate products until rupturing with product and dead cell fragments.
Sebaceous glands - skin |
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Apocrine exocrince glands
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Accumulate product at cell apex and then pinch off.
Controversial if existent but mammary gland is suggested. |
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Merocrine exocrine glands
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Secretion by exocytosis leaving vesicles at original shape.
Pancreas, salivary, and sweat glands. |
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Main classes of connective tissue
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Embryonic, connective, cartilage, vascular, and osseous.
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Four major functions of connective tissue
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Binding, support, protection, insulation, and transportation of substances.
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Three common characteristics of connective tissue
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Common origin, degree of vascularity, and extracellular matrix made up of ground substances and fibers
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Ground substance of connective tissue
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Unstructured material including proteins, H20, etc that coil and intertwine forming different types of substances from fluid to a semi-stiff gel.
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Fibers
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Collagen: increases tension strength as stretches and locks.
Elastic: allows stretching and recoil snapping tissue back to norm. Reticular: net branching around blood vessels, soft tissue, organs and linked to basement membrane. |
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Types of cells in connective tissue
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Blasts (immature), cytes (mature), macrophage and mast cells
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Blasts
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Mitotic secreted in ground substance and fibers.
Connective: fibroblast Cartilage: chondroblasts Bone: osteoblasts Blood: hemocytoblast or hemtaopoietic stem cell. |
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Macrophage
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Large cells with an irregular shape that are fixed or wandering. Function is eating foreign matter and dead tissue cells.
Named according to the structures it is in. |
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Mast cells
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Initiate inflammatory response.
Found deep in "bunches" around blood vessels. Contains histamines which increase capillary leakiness and heparin which thins the blood. |
