5-Nose And Paranasal Sinuses

Front 1

Name the functions of the nose.

Back 1

respiration, olfaction, flitration of dust, humidification of inspired air, reception of secretions from paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

Front 2

What causes the greatest number of clinical problems with regards to the nose?

Back 2

secretions from paranasal sinuses

Front 3

What is the point of attachment of the nose to the forehead called (bridge)?

Back 3

root

Front 4

What is the tip of the nose called?

Back 4

apex

Front 5

What is the part of the nose connecting the root and apex called?

Back 5

dorsum nasi

Front 6

What is the name of the part of the nose lying on both sides of the dorsum nasi?

Back 6

alae

Front 7

What are the nostrils called? What binds them laterally and medially?

Back 7

nares
laterally by alae
medially be nasal septum

Front 8

Which bones form the root or bridge of the nose? What do they articulate with?

Back 8

nasal bones
articulate with maxilla, frontal and ethmoid bones

Front 9

What forms much of the dorsum and lateral aspect of the nose?

Back 9

lateral nasal cartilages

Front 10

What cartilage is responsible for giving shape to the apex of the nose and holding the nares open?

Back 10

greater alar cartilage

Front 11

What is the unpaired midline cartilage of the nose called?

Back 11

septal cartilage

Front 12

What type of cartilage serves a minor role with regards to the nose?

Back 12

accessory cartilages

Front 13

The nasal cavity extends from the _____ anteriorly to the _____ or _____ posteriorly.

Back 13

external nares
choanae or internal nares

Front 14

The nasal cavity opens into the _____.

Back 14

nasopharynx

Front 15

What divides the nasal cavity into two parts?

Back 15

nasal septum

Front 16

The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is the _____.

Back 16

vestibule

Front 17

What lines the greatest part of the nasal cavity? What is present in this lining?

Back 17

mucous membrane
mucous & serous glands

Front 18

What are important in clearing the posterior 2/3 of the nasal cavity?

Back 18

nasal cilia

Front 19

Describe the upper portion of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. vestibule.

Back 19

noncililated olfactory
vestibule is an area of transition from typical skin, with sweat, sebaceous glands, and hair, to respiratory mucosa

Front 20

Name the bony components of the nasal septum.

Back 20

perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, nasal crests of maxilla & palatine bones

Front 21

Name the cartilaginous component of the nasal septum.

Back 21

cartilaginous septum

Front 22

What does the cartilaginous septum of the nasal septum articulate with?

Back 22

bony components posteriorly and inferiorly

Front 23

What is the cartilaginous nasal septum continuous w/ anteriorly?

Back 23

lateral nasal cartilages

Front 24

What makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?

Back 24

hard & soft palates

Front 25

Which two bones contribue to the nasal cavity?

Back 25

maxilla and palatine

Front 26

Which bones form the roof of the nasal cavity (from anterior to posterior)?

Back 26

nasal, frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoid

Front 27

What makes up the middle part of the roof of the nasal septum?

Back 27

cribriform plate

Front 28

Which nerve enters the nasal cavity through a foramina of the cribriform plate?

Back 28

olfactory (CNI)

Front 29

Head trauma may result in shearing of the olfactory nerves as they pass through the cribriform plate. What can result?

Back 29

anosmia, loss of the sense of smell

Front 30

If the cribriform plate is fractued what can occur?

Back 30

CSF rhinorrhea-leakage of CSF into the nose

Front 31

What is the ridge formed by the lower edge of the lateral nasal cartilage called? What does it separate?

Back 31

Limen nasi
separates vestibule from rest of nasal fossa & marks area of transition of epithelial types

Front 32

What are the prominent features on lateral wall of the nasal cavity called?

Back 32

conchae or turbinates

Front 33

Describe the projection of the conchae.

Back 33

project inferiorly and medially

Front 34

Name the conchae of the nose. Which is the largest?

Back 34

inferior, middle and superior
Inferior is largest

Front 35

Which of the conchae is a separate bone?

Back 35

inferior concha

Front 36

What is under the middle concha?

Back 36

goove called the semilunar hiatus, and a raised area called the ethmoidal bulba

Front 37

Which bone is the semilunar hiatus and ethmoidal bulba part of?

Back 37

ethmoid bone

Front 38

Which bone is the superior concha a part of?

Back 38

ethmoid bone

Front 39

What is located between the superior concha and anterior surface of body of the sphenoid bone?

Back 39

Sphenoethmoidal recess

Front 40

Which sinuses drain into the sphenoethmoid recess?

Back 40

spenoid sinus

Front 41

What is the interval betwen the lateral wall and each of the overhanging conchae called?

Back 41

meatus

Front 42

What is located at the inferior meatus?

Back 42

ostium of nasolacrimal ducts through which tears from the eyes drain to the nose

Front 43

What is loacted at the middle meatus?

Back 43

ethmoid bulla, uncinate process, semilunar hiatus, infundibulum and frontal recess

Front 44

What is the prominent elevation under the middle meatus marking the porition of middle ethmoid air cells?

Back 44

ehmoid bulla

Front 45

What is the name of the sharp, bony process of ethmoid bone covered by mucous membrane?

Back 45

uncinate process

Front 46

Where does the uncinate process lie w/ respect to the ehmoid bulla?

Back 46

inferor & anterior to bulla

Front 47

What does the semilunar hiatus lie between?

Back 47

uncinate process and ethmoid bulla

Front 48

What does the semilunar hiatus receive?

Back 48

anerior & middle ethmoidal air cells opening and ostium of maxillary sinus

Front 49

What drains the frontal sinus?

Back 49

infundibulum

Front 50

What does the superior meauts contain?

Back 50

posterior ethmoid air cells

Front 51

If there is a supreme concha there will be a supremem meatus. What is contained here?

Back 51

ostia of one or two of the posterior ethmoid air cells

Front 52

What are the two major arteries that supply the nose?

Back 52

facial and ophthalmic artery

Front 53

The facial artery supplies the nose via what branches?

Back 53

superior labial, angular and lateral nasal branches

Front 54

The ophthalmic artery supplies the nose via what branches?

Back 54

dorsal nasal branch off the anterior ethmoid artery

Front 55

What are the two minor arteries that supply the nose?

Back 55

nasal branch of ophthalmic A
infraorbital branch of maxillary A

Front 56

Name the 8 external arteries of the nose.

Back 56

facial, lateral nasal, angular, septal branch of superior branch of labial, superior labial, dorsal nasal branch of anterior ethmoid, nasal branch of ophthalmic, nasal branch of infraorbital

Front 57

What are the two major artery sources that supply the nasal cavity?

Back 57

sphenopalatine and ethmoidal arteries

Front 58

What is the sphenopalatine artery a terminal branch of?

Back 58

maxillary artery

Front 59

Where does the sphenopalatine artery originate? What does it pass through?

Back 59

o=pterygopalatine fossa
enters=nasal cavity by passing through spenopalatine foramen

Front 60

What part of the nose does the sphenopalatine artery supply?

Back 60

posterior portion of nasal cavity

Front 61

Name the branches of the sphenopalatine artery.

Back 61

posterior septal and posterior lateral branches

Front 62

Which of the ethmoidal arteries is the largest? What does it supply?

Back 62

anterior-supplies anterior-superior portion of nasal cavity

Front 63

What two minor arteries supply the nasal cavity?

Back 63

greater palatine artery and superior labial arteries

Front 64

What do the greater palatine arteries that supply the nasal cavity pass through?

Back 64

incisive foramina in anterior portion of hard palate

Front 65

What is the greater palatine artery a branch of?

Back 65

descending palatine artery which arises from the maxillary artery

Front 66

What part of the nasal cavity does the superior labial arteries supply?

Back 66

vestibule and lower anterior nasal septum

Front 67

Name the five arteries that supply the nasal cavity.

Back 67

posterior and anterior ethmoid, aphenopalatine, greater palatine, superior labial

Front 68

What is a frequent site of nosebleeds?

Back 68

Kiesselbach's or Little's area-superficial anastomotic network on nasal septum of vestibular area

Front 69

What is the formal name for nosebleed?

Back 69

epistaxis

Front 70

Venous channels draining nasal cavity originate from what?

Back 70

dense venous plexus lying within respiratory mucosa

Front 71

Venous drainage of the nose is primarily via what veins? Do the veins draining this region have valves?

Back 71

pterygoid plexus of veins, facial vein & superior ophthalmic vein
no

Front 72

Why is there a potential transfer of pathogenic organisms from lateral surface and root of nose into the cavernous sinus, ie danger zone?

Back 72

variations in body position & facial movement can result in flow of the facial vein into the ophthalmic veins & cavernous

Front 73

What nerve innervates muscles of the external nose?

Back 73

facial (CNVII)

Front 74

What nerve innervates skin sensory of the external nose? Name the two divisions of this nerve that are primarily responsible?

Back 74

trigeminal CNV
ophthalmic division, V1
maxillary division, V2

Front 75

Trigeminal N->Maxillary division->_____

Back 75

infraorbital nerve

Front 76

Trigeminal N->ophthalmic division->_____ & _____

Back 76

infratrochlear branches & external nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal N

Front 77

What does the pterygopalatine fossa house?

Back 77

nerves and vessels for the nose and mouth

Front 78

Name the 4 principal sources of innervation for the nasal cavity.

Back 78

olfactory, nasopalatine, medial & lateral internal nasal nerves,

Front 79

The olfactory nerve enters the nasal cavity by passing through what? What does it supply?

Back 79

cribriform plate of ethmoid
roof of cavity & immediately adjacent lateral & septal walls

Front 80

What is the nasopalatine nerve a branch of?

Back 80

maxillary division V2

Front 81

What foramen does the nasopalatine nerve enter to get to the nasal cavity?

Back 81

sphenopalatine foramen

Front 82

What are the medial & lateral internal nasal nerves branches of?

Back 82

anterior ethmoidal N

Front 83

What does the lateral internal nasal nerve become? What does it supply?

Back 83

external nasal nerve
lower dorsum of nose

Front 84

Which artery does the nasopalatine N travel with?

Back 84

sphenopalatine A

Front 85

Which artery does the anterior ethmoidal nerve travel with?

Back 85

anterior ethmoidal A

Front 86

What does the infraorbial nerve supply?

Back 86

vestibular area of nose

Front 87

Parasympathetic innervation of nasal cavity is from post-ganglionic fibers of which ganglion?

Back 87

pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine)

Front 88

Preganglionic fibers of the nasal cavity come from what?

Back 88

facial nerve

Front 89

What is the function of postganglionic fibers of the nasal cavity?

Back 89

vawsodilatory & secretory

Front 90

Where do sympathetic fibers of the nose come from? Where do they synapse?

Back 90

upper thoracic segments of spinal cord
synapse in superior cervical ganglion

Front 91

Postganglionic fibers of the nose travel in what on their way to the pterygopalatine ganglion?

Back 91

internal carotid plexus, deep petrosal N & nerve of pterygoid canal (Vidian's nerve)

Front 92

What is the function of the sympathetic fibers of the nose?

Back 92

vasoconstrictor

Front 93

Name the four paranasal sinuses. When do these sinuses start to develop?

Back 93

frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary & sphenoidal
3rd-4th month in utero

Front 94

____&____ sinuses are present as small cavities at birth. ____&____ sinuses develop during infancy.

Back 94

maxillary & ethmoid
frontal & spenoid

Front 95

What type of mucosa are sinuses lined with?

Back 95

respiratory mucosa

Front 96

Describe the difference between respiratory and nasal mucosa.

Back 96

respiratory mucosa is less vascular & thinner than the naswal cavity

Front 97

Drainage of the frontal sinus is via which duct? What does this duct open into?

Back 97

frontonasal duct
infundibulum

Front 98

What innervates the frontal sinus? Where is pain often referred? Why?

Back 98

supraorbital nerve
this nerve also suplies skin of the forhead & scalp

Front 99

What separates the ethmoid sinuses from the orbits?

Back 99

lamina papyracea

Front 100

The ethmoid sinuses are closely related to which nerve?

Back 100

optic

Front 101

Drainage of the anterior and middle ethmoid cells is into what?

Back 101

middle meatus (infundibulum, hiatus semilunaris, ethmoidal bulla) and posterior ethmoid group draining into superior meatus

Front 102

What innervates the ethomoid sinuses?

Back 102

branches of the nasociliary nerve V1

Front 103

Name 6 things close to the sphenoid sinuses.

Back 103

internal carotid artery, cavernous sinus, maxillary nerve, hypophysis, optic N, nerve of pterygoid canal

Front 104

What do the sphenoid sinuses drain to?

Back 104

sphenoethmoidal recess

Front 105

Which of the sinuses is the largest?

Back 105

maxillary

Front 106

Name the anatomical relationships of the maxillary sinus.

Back 106

floor of orbit & infraorbital N and vessels, lateral wall of nasal cavity, teeth & their vascular & nerve supply

Front 107

What does the maxillary sinus drain into?

Back 107

hiatus semilunaris

Front 108

What innervates the maxillar y sinus?

Back 108

infraorbital nerve

Front 109

Which artery(s) supply the frontal sinus?

Back 109

supraorbital A

Front 110

Which artery(s) supply the ethmoid sinuses?

Back 110

anterior & posterior ethmoid arteries and sphsphenopalatine A

Front 111

Which artery(s) supply the spenoid sinuses?

Back 111

posterior ethmoid artery and sphenopalatine artery

Front 112

Which artery(s) supply the maxillary sinuses?

Back 112

sphenopalatine artery and infraorbital artery and alveolar artery

Front 113

What do frontal sinus drain into?

Back 113

superior ophthalmic vein through diploic veins into dural venous sinuses