4 (Clinical Microscopy A)

Front 1

regulates/controls the amount of light coming through the stage opening.

Back 1

Diaphragm

Front 2

Maintains the proper distance between the eyepiece and the objective lens

Back 2

Body Tube

Front 3

Where you place the specimen that you want to view

Back 3

Stage

Front 4

Holds the slides/specimen in place for viewing

Back 4

Stage Clips

Front 5

Magnifies image 40X found on the nosepiece

Back 5

High Power Objective

Front 6

Support/bottom of the microscope, used to carry the microscope.

Back 6

Base

Front 7

Provides light to enable us to see the specimen on the slide.

Back 7

Light Source

Front 8

Used in order to carry the microscope

Back 8

Arm

Front 9

Moves the stage up or down a lot, used first when viewing the slide.

***NOT used when in high power***

Back 9

Coarse Adjustment

Front 10

Moves the stage a little, used to see details/focus.

*When using high power this is the only knob used*

Back 10

Fine Adjustment

Front 11

Used to view an object under the microscope, has a magnification power of 10X

Back 11

Eyepiece

Front 12

Magnifies the image 4x and is found on the nosepiece

Back 12

Scanning Lens or Low Power Objective

Front 13

Magnifies the image 10x and is found on the nosepiece

Back 13

Medium Power Objective

Front 14

Piece of glass or clear plastic we put objects on before viewing.

Back 14

Slide

Front 15

Square piece of plastic that goes on top of an object before viewing under a microscope.

Back 15

Cover slip

Front 16

Lens found in the hole of the stage that concentrates light.

Back 16

Condenser

Front 17

Used for diagnosing the:

- management of renal / urinary tract disease

- detection of metabolic / systemic diseases not directly related to the kidneys

Back 17

Urinalysis

Front 18

Urine is made up of:

____% water

____% organic/nonorganic solutes

Back 18

95%

5%

Front 19

The composition of urine varies according to:

Back 19

- diet

- physical activity

- metabolism

- disease process

Front 20

What is the major organic component of urine?

Back 20

Urea

Front 21

What is the major inorganic component of urine?

Back 21

Chloride

(What is the largest after chloride?)

Hint 21

Sodium

Front 22

The _______ are the major paired organs of the excretory system.

Back 22

kidneys

(Where are they located?)

Hint 22

Under the diaphragm in the posterior upper abdominal region

Front 23

A muscular tube that connects the pelvis of the kidney to the bladder.

Back 23

Ureter

Front 24

_______ serves as the temporary storage or urine until it is excreted through the urethra

Back 24

Urinary bladder

Front 25

Collects urine from the calyces for transport from the kidneys to the ureter

Back 25

The renal pelvis
(What are calyces?)

Hint 25

Chambers of the kidney through which urine passes

Front 26

The kidneys have two regions:

Outer layer known as the -


Inner layer known as the -

Back 26

Outer layer known as the - cortex

Inner layer known as the - medulla

Front 27

The cortex is composed of:

Back 27

- renal corpuscles

- proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron

Front 28

The medulla is composed of:

Back 28

- loops of Henle

- collecting ducts

Front 29

The abdominal aorta supplies blood to the renal artery. The renal artery would then provide blood to the __________ ?

Back 29

kidneys

Front 30

The renal vein returns blood to the __________ which is away from the __________.

Back 30

inferior vena cava

kidneys

Front 31

The functional unit of the kidney. They are responsible for urine formation.

Back 31

Nephrons

(What are they composed of?)

Hint 31

- renal corpsucle

- tubular system

Front 32

The tubular system is made up of:

Back 32

- proximal convoluted tubule

- descending/ascending loop of Henle

- distal convoluted tubule

- collecting duct

Front 33

Each kidney contains how many nephrons?

Back 33

1.0 - 1.5 million nephrons

Front 34

A tuft of capillaries that lie in the Bowman's capsule. It is the filtering apparatus of the nephron.

Back 34

glomerulus

Front 35

The _____ arteriole carries blood to the glomurelus.

Back 35

afferent

(Where does the efferent arteriole carry blood?)

Hint 35

away from the glomerulus

Front 36

The _________ is located in the cortex. They are responsible for the majority of the tubular reabsorption processes.

Back 36

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 37

The Loop of Henle begins at the cortex.Its descending limb extends into the medulla.Then the curve of the loop becomes the ascending limb and ends at the cortex.

Front 38

The ________ are located in the cortex. The ________ from multiple nephrons direct the flow urine into the collecting duct.

Back 38

Distal convoluted tubules (DCT)

Front 39

The __________ collect the fluid and carry urine into a calyx of the renal pelvis

Back 39

collecting duct

Front 40

The _________ hormone targets the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron to promote water reabsorption

Back 40

Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)

Front 41

Memorize the mechanism of urine formation:

1. Renal Blood Flow

2. Glomerular Reabsorption

3. Tubular Reabsorption

4. Tubular Secretion

Back 41

Recall the mechanism of urine formation:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Front 42

Approximately _______% of cardiac output (renal blood flow) is received by the kidneys at a rate of ______________ mL/minute

Back 42

20 -25% cardiac output

1200mL/minute

Front 43

The _________ is a semi-permeable membrane that makes an ultrafiltrate of plasma

Back 43

glomurelus

(What is an ultrafiltrate?)

Hint 43

Plasma that contains no protein or other large molecules

Front 44

After the glomerulus removes the protein and large molecules from the plasma, what happens to them?

Back 44

they remain in the arterioles and are then returned into circulation

Front 45

Where does the majority of reabsorption process (65 - 80%) occur?

Back 45

Proximal convoluted tubule

Front 46

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

Back 46

115 - 125mL/minute

Front 47

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs water, sodium, postassium, cholride, etc. However, there is a limit to how much solutes it can reabsorb. What is this limit called?

Back 47

renal threshold

Front 48

What is the renal threshold for glucose?

Back 48

160 - 180 mg/dL

(What is the renal threshold for sodium?)

Hint 48

110 - 130mg/dL

Front 49

The Descending loop of Henle is permeable to water but not salt. What does this mean?

Back 49

it is only responsible for water reabsorption

Front 50

The Ascending loop of Henle is permeable to salt but not water. What does this mean?

Back 50

it is only responsible for salt and chloride reabsorption

Front 51

Approximately ______% of water and salt reabsoption is completed in the loop of Henle

Back 51

85%

Front 52

The loops of Henle has selective permeability called ____________

Back 52

countercurrent mechanism

Front 53

From the loop of Henle, the filtrate moves into the __________

Back 53

distal convoluted tubule

Front 54

Reabsorption of water is controlled by what hormone?

Back 54

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

(What produces ADH?)

Hint 54

the hypothalamus

Front 55

Reabsorption and excretion of sodium and potassium is controlled by what hormone?

Back 55

aldosterone

(What produces aldosterone?)

Hint 55

the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

Front 56

What is the final site of water reabsorption?

Back 56

the collecting duct

Front 57

An inactive protein produced by the liver:

Back 57

Angiotensinogen

Front 58

An enzyme that catalyzes (begins) the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Back 58

Renin

(Where is Renin produced?)

Hint 58

in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys

Front 59

An enzyme responsible for converting angiotensin I into angiotensin II which is a more active form

Back 59

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE)

(ACE is produced by?)

Hint 59

the lungs

Front 60

Angiotensin II increased blood levels and blood pressure by:

Back 60

- constricting renal arterioles

- promoting aldosterone production in the adrenal cortex

Front 61

A steroid hormone that acts on the kidneys by promoting the reabsorption of sodium from the filtrate into the blood

Back 61

aldosterone

Front 62

Hormone responsible for:

- promoting calcium reabsorption from filtrate into the blood

- excretion of phosphate ions from blood into the filtrate

Back 62

Parathyroid Hormones (PTH)

(Where are they produced?)

Hint 62

parathyroid gland

Front 63

An alpha-globulin hormone which stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels (tissue hyposixa)

Back 63

Erythropoietin

(Erythropoietin is produced by?)

Hint 63

peritubular fibroblasts in the kidneys

Front 64

Sputum comes from the upper and lower respiratory tract, it is a mixture of

Back 64

- plasma

- electrolytes

- mucin

- water

Front 65

How can sputum be collected?

Back 65

- first morning (ideal)

- 24 hour

- throat swab

- sputum induction

- tracheal aspiration

Front 66

Transparent/Colorless sputum indicates

Back 66

normal

Front 67

Yellow green sputum indicates

Back 67

TB, bronchiectasis

(What other color indicates this?)

Hint 67

Blood-streaked/Red

Front 68

Green sputum indicates

Back 68

P. aeruginosa

Front 69

Whitish yellow sputum indicates

Back 69

pus

Front 70

Rusty red/Anchovy red sputum indicates

Back 70

early lobar pneumonia

(This is caused by?)

Hint 70

strep pneumonia

Front 71

Prune juice colored sputum indicates

Back 71

late pneumonia

Front 72

Brown sputum indicates

Back 72

congestive heart failure

Front 73

Black sputum indicates

Back 73

heavy smokers

Front 74

Olive green/grass green sputum indicates

Back 74

carcinoma of the lungs (chronic cancer)

Front 75

Foul / putrid smelling sputum indicates

Back 75

- cavitary TB

- lung abscess

- lung gangrene

- advanced necrotizing tumors

Front 76

Sweetish smelling sputum indicates

Back 76

- bronchiectasis

- tuberculosis cavities

Front 77

Fruity smelling sputum indicates

Back 77

P. aeruginosa

Front 78

Mucoid consistency of sputum indicates

Back 78

asthma, bronchitis

Front 79

Serous or frothy consistency of sputum indicates

Back 79

lung edema

Front 80

Mucopurulent consistency of sputum indicates

Back 80

- bronchiectasis

- tuberculosis cavities

Front 81

Made of fibrin, branching tree like cast

Back 81

Bronchial cast

(Found in cases of?)

Hint 81

Lobar pneumoniae

Front 82

Fragments of necrotic pulmonary tissue

Back 82

Cheesy mass

(Found in cases of?)

Hint 82

- Pulmonary TB

- Pulmonary gangrene

Front 83

- Grayish to yellowish

- Made up of cellular, fatty acids, fat globules, some bacteria

Back 83

Dittrich's Plugs

(Found in cases of?)

Hint 83

- Bronchiectasis

- Bronchitis

Front 84

Formed from calcified pulmonary tissue

Back 84

Pneumolith

(Found in cases of?)

Hint 84

Histoplasmosis

Front 85

Mucoid threads that are twisted

Back 85

Curschmann's Spirals

(Found in cases of?)

Hint 85

- Bronchial asthma

- Acute bronchitis

Front 86

- Large mononuclear cells with brown blood pigment

- Characteristic of patients w/congestive heart failure

Back 86

heart failure cells

Front 87

- May resemble Blastomycetes or fat droplets

- No clinical significance

Back 87

Myeline globules