3.2.3 The Biological Molecules Of Cells: Proteins

Front 1

What do we call proteins that bring reactants together and thereby speed chemical reactions in cells?

Back 1

enzymes

Front 2

What is hemoglobin?

Back 2

oxygen carrying protein

Front 3

What are antibodies?

Back 3

protective proteins

Front 4

What do antibodies do?

Back 4

fight bad things

Front 5

What are hormones?

Back 5

regulatory proteins

Front 6

What do hormones do?

Back 6

send messages and alter cellular metabolism

Front 7

What are contractile proteins?

Back 7

motion proteins

Front 8

What do contractile proteins do?

Back 8

move cell parts and contract muscles

Front 9

The structures and functions of cells differ according to the type of _____ they contain.

Back 9

protein

Front 10

Proteins are polymers and the monomers are called _____ _____.

Back 10

amino acids

Front 11

How many amino acids are there?

Back 11

20

Front 12

Which part of an amino acids' structure differentiates them from one another?

Back 12

attached side chain

Front 13

What do we call two or more amino acids covalently bonded together?

Back 13

peptide

Front 14

What type of reaction joins two amino acids together?

Back 14

dehydration reaction

Front 15

What is a chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds called?

Back 15

polypeptide

Front 16

What type of covalent bond is used to join two amino acids?

Back 16

peptide bond

Front 17

Polypeptides containing more than ____ amino acids are generally referred to as proteins.

Back 17

100

Front 18

What is the function of a protein determined by?

Back 18

three-dimensional shape

Front 19

List the four levels of structure proteins demonstrate.

Back 19

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Front 20

A protein's sequence of amino acids is called its _____ structure.

Back 20

primary

Front 21

The _____ structure of a protein occurs when portions of the amino acid chain take on a certain orientation in space.

Back 21

secondary

Front 22

The secondary structure of a protein can exhibit two forms. What are they?

Back 22

alpha helix (spiral) or pleated sheet

Front 23

Which bonds stabilize parallel and non-parallel beta-pleated sheets?

Back 23

hydrogen bonds

Front 24

The _____ structure of a protein is its overall 3-D shape that results from the folding and twisting of its secondary structure.

Back 24

tertiary

Front 25

What determines a protein's shape at the tertiary level?

Back 25

secondary structure and R group interactions

Front 26

What is a protein's tertiary structure responsible for?

Back 26

function

Front 27

What determines a protein's function?

Back 27

shape

Front 28

What types of external conditions can have an effect on the tertiary structure of a protein?

Back 28

pH and temperature

Front 29

When external conditions, like pH or temperature, changes a proteins structure it loses its function. What is this called?

Back 29

denaturing

Front 30

A protein has a _____ structure when it contains more than one polypeptide chain.

Back 30

quaternary

Front 31

Give two common protein examples that have a quaternary structure.

Back 31

hemoglobin and insulin

Front 32

List the two overall shapes proteins may be classified as.

Back 32

fibrous or globular

Front 33

Describe the fibrous shape of a protein.

Back 33

rodlike

Front 34

Describe the globular shape of a protein.

Back 34

rounded or irregular 3-D shape

Front 35

The presence of which of the following element(s) differentiates a protein from a carbohydrate molecule?

carbon | hydrogen | nitrogen | oxygen | nitrogen and oxygen

Back 35

Nitrogen