320 Exam 1 - Slide Questions

Front 1

What mineral is needed to allow actin and myosin to
interact?

Back 1

Calcium

Front 2

Do the actin or myosin filaments change in length during
contraction?

Back 2

No, they overlap. The sacromeres change in length

Front 3

What is needed to produce a good amount of ATP?

Back 3

Adequate supply of oxygen and glucose

Front 4

Health Effects of Regular Exercise?

Back 4

Improves Circulation via vasodilation

Strengthens myocardium & decrease BP --> decreases risk of heart attacks

Improves breathing and respiratory efficiency

Increase efficient distribution and use of O2, delaying oxygen debt

Increase in muscle size (hypertrophy)

Improved balance and joint flexibility

Strengthens bones

Aids in weight control

Front 5

Isotonic contraction? e.g.?

Back 5

Muscle tone remains the same but the muscle shortens producing movement

i.e. lifting weights, walking and running

Front 6

Isometric contraction? e.g.?

Back 6

Increase in muscle tension but no change in muscle length

i.e. pushing against an immovable force

Front 7

Colic vs. seizure?

Back 7

Colic: A spasm of the visceral muscles

Seizure: a spasm of the skeletal muscles

Front 8

Strains vs. Sprains?

Back 8

Strains: overuse or overstretching of muscles

Sprains: tearing of a ligament around a joint (much more severe)

Front 9

What's a "Charley Horse"?

Back 9

A strain of the quadriceps (cover front and sides of the femur)

Front 10

Atrophy?

Back 10

The wasting or decrease in the size of a muscle

Front 11

Which bone cells are triggered, and what action is taken if the Ca++ blood level drops?

Back 11

Osteoclasts break down the extracellular matrix releasing Ca++ into the blood

Front 12

Which bone cells are triggered, and what action is taken if the Ca++ blood level increases?

Back 12

Osteoblasts deposit Ca++ from blood into matrix

Front 13

What does the presence of an epiphyseal line indicate?

Back 13

bone formation is complete

Front 14

Why do children recover from fractures faster than adults?

Back 14

bones are relatively pliable since they contain a larger portion of cartilage and are undergoing active bone formation

Front 15

What is the effect of a vitamin D deficiency ?

Back 15

Softening of the bone:

osteomalacia in adults

Rickets in children

Front 16

Which is the only movable bone in the skull?

Back 16

mandible, jaw, bone

Front 17

Importance of the sella turcica depression?

Back 17

Holds and protects pituitary gland like a saddle

Front 18

Function of the foramen magnum?

Back 18

Located at base of occipital bone, large opening through which the spinal cord communicates with the brain

Front 19

Function of the fontanels?

Back 19

Soft spots on infant's skull are flexible regions that allow the skull to compress and change shape during birth process

Allows for rapid brain growth during infancy

Anterior fontanel is most recognizable

Allows rapid growth of the brain without construction

Front 20

Male vs. Female Pelvis?

Back 20

Female Pelvis:

Adapted for pregnancy and childbirth

lighter in weight, ila wider and more flared

pubic arch is wider, pelvic inlet is wider and more rounded

outlet is larger

sacrum and coccyx are shorter and less curved

Front 21

Behavioral Interventions to Reduce the
Risk of Osteoporosis?

Back 21

Adequate intake of Calcium and vitamin D

Weight-bearing exercises i.e. weight lifting and brisk walking

Well balanced Diet:

-inc protein intake, amino acids needed to make collagen for flexibility

-increase Ca++ and P intake, confer bone strength

Increase vitamin D --> increase dietary Ca++ absorption

avoid smoking and excessive alc consumption

Decrease caffeine intake can inc bone reabsorption

Front 22

What is the most freely movable type of joint?

Back 22

Synovial joints

Front 23

What kind of joint are sutures?

Back 23

Fibrous synarthrotic (immovable) joints

Front 24

What type of joint is your:

Elbow?

Knuckle?

Wrist?

Back 24

Elbow - hinge joint

Knuckle - Condyloid joint

Wrist - Gliding joint

Front 25

Every bone in the body forms a joint with at least one other bone, except ?

Back 25

Hyoid bone

Front 26

Doing “Jumping Jacks” exercises is a perfect example of what synovial joint movement(s)?

Back 26

Abduction and Adduction

Front 27

Which group(s) of vertebrae form a
convex curve?

Back 27

Cervical and lumbar vertebrates

Front 28

Which group(s) of vertebrae form a
concave curve?

Back 28

Thoracic and sacral vertebrates

Front 29

Where would you find stratified transitional epithelium?

Back 29

Urinary bladder, ureters, and in the superior urethra and gland ducts of the prostate, renal pelvis

Front 30

Functions of Connective Tissue?

Back 30

1. Join together other tissues of the body (tendons and ligaments)

2. Protects, serves as frameworks, suport of the trachea and bones

3. Protect underlying organs i.e. skull

4.Produces blood cells

5.Immune Function i.e. lymphocytes/white blood cells

6. Storage sites and insulation i.e. fat tissue

Front 31

Tendon vs ligament

Back 31

A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to the bone/muscle to structures and function to move the bone or structure

whereas a ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone and functions to hold structures together/keep them stable

Front 32

3 Types of epithelial membranes?

Back 32

Connective (skin)

Mucous (mucosa)

Serous (serosa)

Front 33

Mucous membranes line body systems open to the external environment such as

Back 33

reproductive, digestive, urinary, and respiratory

Front 34

What is SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus)?

Back 34

chronic inflammation of connective tissue membranes, autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue -- can affect skin, joints, kidneys, brain etc.

common in females 20-45 years

internal organs are involved

Front 35

Carcinoma vs. Sarcoma

Back 35

Carcinoma is a cancer that originates in the skin, lungs, breasts, stomach, colon, prostate and uterus - most common cancer in the Us, spreads via lymphatic system and it is an epithelial tissue tumor

Sarcoma is a connective tissue tumor that spreads via the blood, lungs are most frequent secondary growth site and can occur anywhere in the body

Front 36

Functions of the skin

Back 36

protection against infection, dehydration

regulation of body temp

collection of sensory info

manufactures vitamin D

absorbs substances via topical medications (local) or transdermal patches (systemic)

excretes substances

Front 37

Pallor

Back 37

paleness of skin due to reduced bloow flow or reduction in hemoglobin i.e. anemia

most easily noted in lips, nail beds, and mucous membranes

Front 38

erythema

Back 38

flushing, redness of skin that accompanies surface lesions of face and neck usually

Front 39

cyanosis

Back 39

bluish discoloration that occurs bc not enough oxygen circulating through blood

symptom of heart failure and breathing problems

asthma or respiratory obstruction

Front 40

jaundice

Back 40

yellowish skin discoloration that can be caused by excessive amounts of bile pigments, mainly bilirubin in blood

could be symptom of certain disorder i.e. tumor, inflammation of liver, blood disease, liver immaturity

Front 41

carotenemia

Back 41

presence of excess carotene in the blood, due to excessive ingestion of carrots and other deeply colored veggies, that causes skin to become yellowish red discoloration

Front 42

2 categories of tissues that repair themselves most easily

Back 42

epithelial and connective

Front 43

tissue repair affected by

Back 43

nutrition, blood supply, infection, and age

Front 44

atopic dermatitis

Back 44

aka eczema

chronic genetic allergic reaction

itching, inflammation, erythema, vesicles, scaling and rusting of the skin

scratching leads to secondary infection

inc. risk of developing other allergic disorders

Front 45

psoriasis

Back 45

chronic overgrowth of epidermis leading to large, sharply outlined red, flat areas covered with silvery scales

plaques covered with silvery scales

idiopathic i.e. unknown etiology

Front 46

urticaria

Back 46

aka hives

allergic reaction characterized by temporary appearance of wheals, elevated red patches and pruritus (itching)

Front 47

acne vulgaris

Back 47

disorder caused by overactivity of sebaceous glands connected with hair follicles most commonly occurs in ppl b/w 14-25

sebum + dead skin cells can form plug that blocks hair follicles which causes them to bulge and produce white head that can become inflamed and become a pimple

Front 48

impetigo

Back 48

acute contagious disease of staphylococcal or streptococcal origin that could cause death in newborn infants

blister-like lesions that become filled with pus and contain virulent bacteria

found frequently among poor and undernourished children

Front 49

herpes simplex

Back 49

virus that causes formation of watery vesicles i.e. cold sores, on the skin and mucous membranes

type 1 - lesions around nose and mouth

type 2 - genital infections

Front 50

herpes zoster

Back 50

aka shingles

caused by same virus as chicken pox

infection follows nerve pathways and produces small, vesicular skin lesions along course of nerve

pain, increased sensitivity, and itching are common symptoms

vesicular lesions on nerve pathways causes intense pain and pruritus

Front 51

scleroderma

Back 51

disease of unknown cause that involves overproduction of collagen with thickening and tightening of skin

chronic, progressive dermatosis

autoimmune

too much fiber tissue formed --> board-like hardening, thickening and immobility of the affected skin

Front 52

pemphigus

Back 52

autoimmune disorder/reaction characterized by formation of blisters, bullae in skin and mucous membranes

caused by separation of epidermal cells from underlying tissue layer

rupture of lesions leave deeper areas of skin unprotected from infection and fluid loss

idiopathic

Front 53

decubitus ulcer

Back 53

aka pressure ulcers

skin lesions that appear when body rests on skin that covers bony projections "lying down"

pressure interrupts circulation which leads to ulceration and death of tissue

Front 54

alopecia

Back 54

aka baldness

etiology

may result from systemic disease

male pattern baldness influenced by male sex hormones

Front 55

epidermophytosis

Back 55

fungal skin infection due to epidermophyton, a genus of fungi that is one of the causes of ahtelete's foot)

caused by tinea pedis

Front 56

Behavioral prevention steps that may decrease risk of cancer

Back 56

protection from uv

clothing that covers skin

wearing hat, sunglasses, sunscreen

Front 57

Protection, Support & Movement Systems: Which ones?

Back 57

skin, skeletal & muscular

Front 58

• Integration & Coordination Systems: Which ones?

Back 58

Nervous & endocrine

Front 59

• Circulation and Transport Systems: Which ones?

Back 59

Cardiovascular and lymphatic

Front 60

• Absorption & Excretion Systems: Which ones?

Back 60

Urinary, respiratory, digestive

Front 61

• Reproductive System: Main function?

Back 61

Procreate

Front 62

• Positive Feedback: a given action promotes more of the same…examples?

Back 62

Oxytocin --> contractions, blood clotting, lactation

Front 63

• What are the consequences of homeostatic imbalance?

Back 63

sickness and disease

Front 64

• Which body systems maintain homeostasis?

Back 64

Endocrine and nervous systems

Front 65

 Organic compounds vs. Inorganic compounds?

Back 65

Organic compounds always contain Carbon, carbon-hydrogen bonds

-molecules associated with living organisms

i.e. DNA

Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon

-salts, metals, substances made from single elements

i.e. table salt

Front 66

Which 3 organs does 50% of cancer occur?

Back 66

Lung, colon, breasts

Front 67

Carcinogen examples?

Back 67

tobacco smoke, radon gas, UV light, synthetic chemical in food, water & air

Front 68

Cancer Risk Factors?

Back 68

sunlight, diet, age, family history smoking, viruses, ionizing radiation

Front 69

Nonmodifiable risk factors

Back 69

age, gender, family history, pre-existing illness

Front 70

modifiable risk factors

Back 70

risky behaviors, living conditions, emotional disturbances, physical and chemical damage

Front 71

Primary Prevention - i.e.

Back 71

Protect healthy people from developing disease or injury, preventing the disease from occurring in the first place

i.e. education, reg exams and screenings, immunization

Front 72

Secondary Prevention - i.e.

Back 72

interventions that occur after an illness or serious risk factors have been diagnosed, goal is to slow or halt disease progress

i.e. recommending regular exams/screenings, providing suitably modified work for injured workers

Front 73

Tertiary Prevention - i.e.

Back 73

Helping people manage long term problem of disease/illness, goal is to prevent further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life

i.e. rehabilitation programs, support groups

Front 74

• Pathogen vs. Normal flora?

Back 74

Pathogen - microorganism that causes disease in its host i.e. smallpox, ebola

Normal Flora - microorganisms that colonize parts of the body exposed to the environment but do not normally produce disease/illness, usually acquired after birth

Front 75

• Exposed vs. Infected?

Back 75

Exposed - uncovered and unprotected, infected by a pathogen but no disease present

Infected - to be contaminated or affected by disease

Front 76

• Localized vs. Systemic Infection?

Back 76

localized - infection that is restricted to a region

i.e. tonsils

Systemic infection - infection that affects the entire body

i.e. high blood pressure and influenza

Front 77

• Portal of entry of microorganisms?

Back 77

Skin, mucous membrane, digestive tract, placenta, respiratory or digestive tract

Front 78

• Direct vs. Indirect contact of disease transmission?

Back 78

Direct - shaking hands, kissing, sexual intercourse, insect bites

Indirect - touching contaminated, objects, eating contaminated food, breathing contaminated air

Front 79

• Aerobic vs. Anaerobic bacteria vs. Facultative anaerobes?

Back 79

Aerobic - requires oxygen for growth

Anaerobic - can grow in the absence of oxygen

Facultative anaerobes - organism makes atp by aerobic respiration if oxygen is absent // can grow with or without oxygen

Front 80

• What is the single most important measure for
preventing infection?

Back 80

hand washing