Hdfs 320 Exam 1

Front 1

What is Spearman's Theory of intelligence?

Back 1

general: used across all domains (mental speed, executive function)

specific: varies from one domain to another

Front 2

What is Cattel's theory of intelligence?

Back 2

fluid: problem solving,learning and reasoning with no prior experience (this is harder for old people)

crystallized: knowledge depending on education/experience

Front 3

YOU CAN DO IT!

Back 3

CMONN!

Front 4

What is Gardners Multiple Intelligences theory?

Back 4

7 areas (musical, interpersonal, bodily kinesthetic, intrapersonal etc..)

studied adults with brain injuries

Front 5

what is Sternbergs theory of successful intelligence?

Back 5

intelligence is more than academic success, one size doesn't fit all, intelligence is interacting successfully with environment

adapt: understand expectations in diff contexts

shape: shape environment so that you are successful

select: make selections or big changes (change major)

Front 6

What is Piagets theory of intelligence?

Back 6

equilibrium resulting from accommodation (organizing to fit outside info) and assimilation (taking outside info in and organizing) of schemata

Front 7

How do you calculate IQ?

Back 7

(MA/CA)X100

Front 8

What is the WISC intelligence scale?

Back 8

verbal comp, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed

Front 9

How does intelligence relate to achievement?

Back 9

intelligence only accounts for 10% of achievement

Front 10

what is difference between intelligence, achievement and aptitude?

Back 10

Intelligence: general mental capacity

Achievement: what you can achieve or master

Aptitude: ability to learn or develop skills in a area (talent)

Front 11

What are the types of memory?

Back 11

short/working and long/permanent

Front 12

what are the types of long term/permanent memory?

Back 12

declarative: information

procedural: how to

conceptual: understanding why

episodic: events

Front 13

How are memories formed?

Back 13

encoding (mental representation, selective vs interpretive)--> rehearsal--> elaboration

Front 14

What are the normal types of forgetting?

Back 14

1. decay

2.inference (retroactive: near makes you forget old vs proactive: old makes you forget new)

3. loss of retrieval cues

Front 15

what are types of forgetting related to brain injury?

Back 15

retrograde amnesia: head injury, stroke

anterograde amnesia: cant form new memories, korskoff syndrome

Front 16

how does memory change through development?

Back 16

1. strategy unavailable

2. production deficency: must prompt

3. utilization

4. mature

Front 17

What are developmental conditions and diagnoses associated with working memory problems?

Back 17

children with down syndrome, ADHD, fetal alcohol syndrome, learning disbailities

-1/10 school aged children have wm problems

Front 18

what are some ways to enhance memory?

Back 18

break down tasks, teach to initiate help, reduce wm load, scale activity, external memory aids, maximize exposure

Front 19

what is problem solving?

Back 19

cog processes involved directed at a goal for a particular situation when no solution is obvious

Front 20

what are the steps of problem solving?

Back 20

1. representation: converts external problem to internal mental representation

2. planning: process of devising the method for problem solving and monitoring the appropriateness of the method

3. executing: do planned method

4. evaluation/self regulation

Front 21

What are some basic developmental changes in problem solving in childhood?

Back 21

can use problem solving steps as get older

can recognize problem better

define better

use more sophisticated strategies

more planning

in infants and toddlers seen in motor planning

Front 22

Near vs far transfer

Back 22

near: on site

far: online training

Front 23

what are factors that make transferring knowledge harder?

Back 23

far transfer

being younger

Front 24

what instruction is better for near vs far transfer?

Back 24

near: explicit

far: mindful exploration or explicit

Front 25

what is executive functioning?

Back 25

describes cognitive processes integral to adaptive, goal direction actions

Front 26

what are the components of EF?

Back 26

planning, inhibition, shifting

Front 27

what is cool vs hot EF?

Back 27

hot: incorpoate affect and emotion

cool: cognitive

Front 28

what happens to EF in toddlerhood?

Back 28

rapid changes, synaptogenesis, myeltination, synaptic pruning, working memory

Front 29

what happens to EF in preschool?

Back 29

significant gains from 3-5 year olds, prone to errors

Front 30

what happens to EF in preadolescence?

Back 30

shifting matures alot, 9-12 also significant period

Front 31

What is having good EF important?

Back 31

acedemic readiness and achievement, social skills, adaptive behavior, health related outcomes

Front 32

What are the general principles regarding EF intervention?

Back 32

- those with most challenges make most gains

- difficult to transfer

- some challenge is important

- repetition

-understand activity components

Front 33

what is attribution theory?

Back 33

how we explain events

Front 34

what is mindset?

Back 34

set of beliefs and attitudes

Front 35

what is fixed verses growth mindset?

Back 35

fixed: intelligence is fixed and doesnt change

growth: can change and develop over time

Front 36

what are the types of rewards?

Back 36

task contingent: do something and get rewards

performance: do something to the standard

success: performance plus progress

Front 37

what are the deadly flaws of rewards?

Back 37

1. decrease intrinsic motivation

2. decrease performance

3. decrease creativity

4. decrease desired behavior

5. more cheating

6. plateau short term thinking

7. plateau addition to rewards

Front 38

what are the three sources of motivation?

Back 38

goals

knowledge

metacognitive proccesses

Front 39

What is the best way to determine a persons intelligence level?

Back 39

IQ, multiple intelligences, adaptive behavior

Front 40

What is motivation like in school age years?

Back 40

younger children are more optimistic

older students value some academic subjects more and others less

Front 41

How do knowledge for attaining goals differ by age?

Back 41

older students have more procedural knowledge and experience

older students more likely to better know how to use memory strategies

Front 42

How does age affect intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation?

Back 42

younger kids more intrinsically motivated?

Front 43

How can you help a child who procrastinates?

Back 43

cues, modeling, ZPD, coping with failure

Front 44

how can you motivate younger children?

Back 44

communication, helping the fearful child

Front 45

What are the academic differences between males and females? and when do they occur?

Back 45

males: better at math, problem solving, history, geography

females: writing, reading comp, civics

happens in adolesence

Front 46

What are some outcomes for boys and how to change them?

Back 46

more likely to have school discipline problems, more likely to get bad grades, attending college less etc..

solutions: curriculum reflect interests, range of texts should be broader, educational games, more male teachers?

Front 47

What is the genetic physiological view of gender differences?

Back 47

different cognitive functions are associated with different levels of the brain. male and female brains develop different which accounts for differences in performance

Front 48

what is the socialization view?

Back 48

society instill different values on boys opposed to girls, therefore setting them up to be successful at different tasks

Front 49

what is the differential experience view?

Back 49

similar to socialization view, girls are socialized to gravitate towards different subjects leading them to success in different areas

Front 50

what is the cognitive processes view?

Back 50

different key processes are required to be successful in a specific acedmic domain, and boys and girls utilize these differently

Front 51

what is the integrative view?

Back 51

a combo of two or more gender difference theories

Front 52

How do different ethnicity groups perform in academic achievement?

Back 52

asian sometimes higher

white and asian higher than african american or hispanic

hispanic slightly higher than african american

Front 53

What is the academic disengagement theory?

Back 53

asserts that there are 7 factors that influence minority scholastic achievement

Front 54

what is the opportunity propensity account?

Back 54

race is not a factor for scholastic achievement if you control parent aspirations, student aspirations, courses students have taken, SES, student motivation

Front 55

What is the difference between short term and working memory?

Back 55

working memory is manipulating memory, short term memory is immediate and might not have to use info for a task

Front 56

what are the four components of transfer?

Back 56

1. initial learning experience

2. metacognitive abilities

3. context of initial learning experience and new context

4. ability to see similarities and differences

Front 57

How is short term memory stored through working memory model?

Back 57

encoding, rehearsal, elaboration

Front 58

what are the theoretical constructs for executive function?

Back 58

dissociable, integrative, unitary

Front 59

what are the two dissociable areas?

Back 59

hot ( affect and emotion like inhibition) and cool ( primarily cognitive abilities like planning and problem solving, CAN BE HOT TOO)

Front 60

how does executive functioning progress through development?

Back 60

developes last and is the first lost

frontal cortex

pruning, mylenation and synapotgensis

3-5 important and 9-12

Front 61

What does knowledge look like according to Information Processing Theory?

Back 61

organizing into files, using declarative and procedural knowledge

Front 62

how can a success contingent reward be used in a classroom?

Back 62

pizza party (performance or progress)

Front 63

what are the best motivation strategies for young children?

Back 63

explain why they are doing it, positive reinforcement

Front 64

How are schemata acquired and maintained in cognition?

Back 64

abstraction, maintained through selection, gist extraction and intrepretation

Front 65

How is inhibition helpful in classroom?

Back 65

staying in seats and not blurting out answers

Front 66

what are types of goals related to motivation?

Back 66

learning vs performance

performance approach vs avoid

aproximal vs distol (short vs long term)

academic vs social

process vs product

Front 67

what is Edward Thorndikes theory of connectionism?

Back 67

conduction unit is a pathway of neurons between stimulus and repsonse. types of conduction units= knowledge and behavior

Front 68

What is Piagets theory?

Back 68

constructivism: children are geared to use environment to construct their knowledge

Front 69

what is assimilation according to Piaget?

Back 69

take new info and fit it in with current knowledge

Front 70

what is accommodation according to piaget?

Back 70

changing or altering our schemas because of new information

Front 71

what is the schema theory?

Back 71

a mental representation of ones knowledge or world aspects

2 forms:

objects

events

Front 72

how are schema acquired?

Back 72

abstraction

Front 73

how do schema affect what is remembered?

Back 73

selection, gist extraction, interpretation

Front 74

how do we change schema?

Back 74

accretion, tuning (Assimilation), restructuring (Accommodation)

Front 75

What is Vygotskys theory?

Back 75

there are two forms of knowledge: concepts and functions

knowledge = internalization, adult instruction, ZPD and scaffolding

Front 76

What is the information processing theory?

Back 76

declarative knowledge: compilation of facts "knowing that"

procedural knowledge: scripts of doing this "knowing how"

we learn through sensory stage, working memory, and long term memory