2007 Non Chapter 30

Front 1

Domino theory

Back 1

President Eisenhower’s theory that if one Pro-Western Catholic government fell to the Communists, the other nations of Southeast Asia would follow it.

Front 2

Tonkin Gulf Incident 1964

Back 2

American ships patrolling the gulf started to provide protection for secret South Vietnamese raids against the North. On August 2, three North Vietnamese patrol boats exchanged fire with the American destroyer Maddox, neither side hurting the other. Two nights later a second incident occurred, but a follow-up investigation could not be sure whether enemy ships had even been near the scene.

Front 3

Escalation

Back 3

The belief that the US needed to either increase its attack or simply withdraw. In theory escalation would increase military pressure to the point at which the enemy was no longer willing to pay.

Front 4

Rolling Thunder 1965

Back 4

A systematic bombing campaign aimed at bolster confidence in South Vietnam and cutting the flow of supplies from the North. This achieved none of its goals. American pilots could seldom spot the Ho Chi Minh Trail under its dense jungle canopy. Even when bombs hit, North Vietnamese crews kept the supplies moving by filling bomb craters or improvising pontoon bridges from bamboo stalks.

Front 5

Teach-ins 1965

Back 5

Sections held by teacher to explain the issues to concerned students. Scholar’s familiar with Southeast Asia questioned every major assumption the president had used to justify escalation.

Front 6

Hawks vs. doves 1966

Back 6

The Hawks argued that American must win the war to save Southeast Asia from communism, to preserve the nations prestige and to protect the lives of American soldiers in the war but doves disagreed.

Front 7

Anti-war demonstrations 1965

Back 7

Especially prevalent among college students. These consisted of anything from violent protest to burning of draft cards.

Front 8

Tet offensive 1968

Back 8

One of America’s greatest intelligence failures, it came to the surprise of the Americans. Although militarily a failure, Americans at home got a different idea. They saw a credibility gap between the administration’s optimistic reports and the war’s harsh reality.

Front 9

Senator Eugene McCarthy 1968

Back 9

Originally he helped LBJ push the Tonkin Gulf Resolution through congress, but he struggled to quantify the success of Vietnam. He soon became skeptical. When Johnson would not listen to him and retreat, he resigned. He became a political champion for antiwar forces.

Front 10

LBJ withdraws from race 1968

Back 10

Not wanting to be involved in the partisan divisions that were developing in that political year, he dropped out of the race.

Front 11

Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 1968

Back 11

He was relaxing on the balcony of his motel in Memphis when James Earl Ray, an escaped convict, fatally shot him with a sniper’s rifle. King’s campaign of nonviolence was overshadowed by the violent reaction to his murder.

Front 12

Assassination of Sen Robert F. Kennedy 1968

Back 12

Sirhan Sirhan, a disgruntled Arab nationalist, shot Kennedy who has just run a crucial primary victory in California, running on an antiwar platform.

Front 13

Democratic National Convention Chicago 1968

Back 13

Radicals were determined to disrupt the Democratic convention. For a week the police skirmished demonstrators: police clubs, riot gear, tear gas versus the demonstrators’ eggs, rocks, and balloons filled with paint and urine. When the radicals marched past the convention even though the police had told them not to. Their reaction was later labeled as a police riot.

Front 14

Gov. George Wallace

Back 14

In running for president he sought the support of the blue-collar workers and the lower middle classes. He enemies were liberals, intellectuals, and long hairs who he believed had run the US for too long.

Front 15

The establishment*

Back 15

The idea that a group of upper class held power. This was spoken out against by many lower and middle class people.

Front 16

The New Nixon 1968

Back 16

He began to push for votes from Democrats also. He was a self-made man who could understand their needs.

Front 17

The silent majority 1968

Back 17

Nixon believed himself to be the leader of a silent majority. He had goals to turn the nations “average Americans’ into a Republican majority.

Front 18

The Election of 1968

Back 18

Nixon won with his opposition being split by George Wallace and Hubert Humphrey. This showed that the majority of the American electorate had turned its back on liberal reforms.

Front 19

President Richard M. Nixon 1968-1974

Back 19

A publically charming man, he had a troubled personal life with an angry temper. Still he seemed to search out challenges to face and conquer.

Front 20

Vietnamization 1969

Back 20

A plan to bring the war to an end but only with “peace with honor” meaning the goal was to leave a pro-American government behind in South Vietnam. Started withdrawing troops in favor of peace talks in Paris.

Front 21

Cambodian Invasion 1970

Back 21

Nixon launched a series of bombing attacks against North Vietnamese supply posts in Cambodian. Johnson had refused to expand the war like this but Nixon simply kept these raids secret. Next he attacked Cambodian supply post leading to the riots at Kent state and Jackson State.

Front 22

Kent State shootings 1970

Back 22

300 students torn the constitution from history text books and in a formal ceremony buried it. Later they raided a near by town. 750 national guard were called in. The national guard leaders often WWII and Korea vets, particularly hated the students refusing to serve. 4 were killed as the guard tired to stop them from protesting.

Front 23

Jackson State shootings 1970

Back 23

At a black college in Mississippi, antiwar protesters seized a woman’s dormitory. The state police opened fire without thinking. Here as at Kent the protesters had been unarmed.

Front 24

Nixon Doctrine 1969

Back 24

The United States would shift some of the military burden for containment to other allies: Japan in the Pacific, the shah of Iran in the Middle East, Zaire in Central Africa, and the apartheid government in South Africa.

Front 25

Détente 1969

Back 25

The policy of looking for new ways to contain Soviet power not simply by the traditional threat of arms but through negotiations to ease tensions.

Front 26

China card 1972

Back 26

The US would stop treating Communist Mao Zedong as an archenemy and instead open diplomatic relations with the Chinese. Fearful of a more powerful China, the Soviets would be more conciliatory toward the United States.

Front 27

SALT I 1972

Back 27

The signs of the first strategic Arms treats with the soviets, both sides pledged not to develop a new systems of antiballistic missiles, which would have accelerated the costly arms race. They also agreed to limit the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles each side would deploy.

Front 28

Caesar Chavez UFW

Back 28

Mexican agricultural workers continued to face harsh working conditions and meager wages. His efforts led to the formation of the United Farm Workers labor union. Proclaimed non-violence.

Front 29

Chicano Movement 1968

Back 29

More aggressive Mexican Americans who saw themselves as people whose culture had been taken away from them. Their heritage had been rejected, their labor exploited, and their opportunity for advancement denied.

Front 30

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Back 30

Showed the social activism of Indian leaders who were moving into urban areas for the first time. They showed their dissatisfactions by seizing the abandoned federal prison on Alcatraz island in San Francisco Bay.

Front 31

Model minorities

Back 31

Asian Americans seemed as such since they possessed skills in high demand, worked hard, were often Christian, and seldom protested. Still agricultural labors and sweatshop workers remained trapped in poverty.

Front 32

Stonewall Incident 1969

Back 32

The police raids the Stonewall Inn, a New York gay bar. Raids like this were common enough as police tried to control this urban “vice”, but this time the patrons fought back, first with taunts and jeers, then with paving, stones and parking meters.

Front 33

Betty Freidan’s The Feminine Mystique 1963

Back 33

Identified the problem with women that had no name, a dispiriting emptiness in the midst of affluent lives. It said that America’s culture as it currently was did not permit women ot accept their basic need to grow and fulfill their potentialities as human beings. This gave new life to the woman’s rights movement.

Front 34

National Organization of Women (NOW) 1966

Back 34

This organization originally led by Betty Freidan argued that sexism was much like racism. They persuaded LBJ to included women along with African Americans, Hispanics, and other minorities as a group covered by federal affirmative action programs.

Front 35

Consciousness raising*

Back 35

The process of achieving greater awareness, as of one’s own needs or of a political or a social issue.

Front 36

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 1972

Back 36

At first the support for this seemed strong. Both the house and the senate passed it and it soon had the support of 28 of the 38 states needed to ratify it.

Front 37

Roe v. Wade 1973

Back 37

Struck down laws restricting a woman’s access to abortion. She was able to have an abortion throughout her first trimester, and after that if delivering the baby was proved to be detrimental to her health.

Front 38

Phyllis Schlafly

Back 38

Led the stop ERA crusade. She was a professional working woman, but she believed that women should embrace their traditional role as home-makers subordinate to their husbands. She pointed out that every change that the ERA requires will deprive women of a right, benefit, or exemption that they now enjoy.

Front 39

Paris Treaty 1973

Back 39

Finally arrived smoothed by Kissinger’s promise of aid to the North Vietnamese to help in post war reconstruction.