Introduction The cardiovascular system is a fundamental system for survival, providing the body nutrients and removing waste via a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries venous and veins. (Sherwood). Understanding this fundamental system is critical to help further understand even more complicated medical conditions such as Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), inappropriate HR increase when standing (Freeman et al., 2011). In addition, the cardiovascular system also has other properties that helps ensure proper function. One of those properties involves how the veins dilate in response to metabolites, waste products from muscles cells (Crecelius et al., 2013). These metabolites cause the vasodilation, to make it easier for more blood to flow to the needed area and replenish oxygen and take away waste. This concept also involves Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) and how the body would respond with exercise. TPR should decrease during exercise because muscles would want to remove their wasters easier such that capillaries will dilate and decrease TPR (Sprangers et al., 1991). Another important concept involves the baroreceptor reflex, which are small nerve endings located aortic arch and carotid sinuses that help signal a need to increase the BP (Sherwood, 2010, p. 385). The baroreceptors are part of the sympathetic nervous system and is one of the ways the body regulates the CV system (Truigen et al., 2010). Alboni et al. in 2011, also showed that the baroreceptor reflex is activated when the face is submerged in cold water. This system acts by either increasing the HR or increasing the vasoconstriction of arteries to move the blood further and faster than without. The CV system also functions differently when it is supine or up-right or active, in which it is the job of the baroreceptors and metabolites to aid in the proper signaling for where blood needs to go. For example, simply getting up from supine is a fight against gravity for the body and such systemic changes need to be accounted to help the body adjust. The lack of proper adjustments is what POTS is about. Moreover, the lab is divided into six sections, starting with Measuring Blood Pressure, being a practice for students in use of a sphygmomanometer. In Effects of Posture on Blood Pressure (BP), the sympathetic nervous system response via baroreceptors is being tested. It is hypothesized that the observed Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Pulse Pressure (PP), Heart Rate (HR), Stroke Volume (SV), Cardiac Output (CO) and Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) will decrease upon tilt, with MAP, PP, SV, HR and CO increasing back to baseline soon after tilt. This will be tested using a tilt table and ECG and measuring BP at certain intervals. Vasodilation in Response to Metabolites and The Venous System, both share similar concepts in testing the venous system with the goal to use visual observances to changes in venous system via metabolites, Gravity and Venous Congestion, the presence of valves in veins and venous distention.
…show more content…
It is hypothesized that lowered skin color and temperature will correlate with lack of blood flow to the arm and veins will further distend with increasing external pressure, occlusion way from the heart the arm being lower than the heart. These sections are being tested using gravity, finger occlusion and use of sphygmomanometer at low pressures. Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise, is to test how the CV system responds to stress. It is hypothesized that as the workload increases in …show more content…
31-41). Data was collected and analyzed using BioPac Software. Graphs and tables were generated by using Microsoft Excel. Effects of Posture on Blood Pressure (BP) involved a tilt table, with a subject laying in a supine position for at least 5 minutes. A heart rate (HR) was being monitored during the entire process with ECG and was calculated using an average of 10 beats. An initial blood pressure in both arms was taken and then retaken immediately after tilt in to upwards position, 30 seconds after tilt and 2 minutes after tilt. During Vasodilation in Response to Metabolites, the subject extender their arm over their head and clenched the hand roughly 15 times, holding a tight fist. A cuff was inflated to 150 mmHg then the arm was placed on the bench to observe color and
It is hypothesized that lowered skin color and temperature will correlate with lack of blood flow to the arm and veins will further distend with increasing external pressure, occlusion way from the heart the arm being lower than the heart. These sections are being tested using gravity, finger occlusion and use of sphygmomanometer at low pressures. Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise, is to test how the CV system responds to stress. It is hypothesized that as the workload increases in …show more content…
31-41). Data was collected and analyzed using BioPac Software. Graphs and tables were generated by using Microsoft Excel. Effects of Posture on Blood Pressure (BP) involved a tilt table, with a subject laying in a supine position for at least 5 minutes. A heart rate (HR) was being monitored during the entire process with ECG and was calculated using an average of 10 beats. An initial blood pressure in both arms was taken and then retaken immediately after tilt in to upwards position, 30 seconds after tilt and 2 minutes after tilt. During Vasodilation in Response to Metabolites, the subject extender their arm over their head and clenched the hand roughly 15 times, holding a tight fist. A cuff was inflated to 150 mmHg then the arm was placed on the bench to observe color and