In most laboratory experiments, the negative impact of a slave raid is inflicted upon the host almost immediately (Johnson, 2008). One study performed in a controlled laboratory study found that after seventeen days more than ninety percent of the host colony brood and original workers were lost during a raid performed by the slave—making colony (Johnson, 2008). In the same study, field observations shown that in non—laboratory, free living colonies, the host lost an average of thirty nine percent of their workers among a total of four raids. Slave raids are performed by one species of slave—makers or multiple species. Upon observing free living colonies, Christine Johnson (2008), found in more than half of the trials that a host colony
