In France this task was done by Charles VII (1422-1461). His efforts to centralize the institutions of the State included; establishing the first permanent royal army in Europe, restructuring the royal council by replacing the aristocracy with loyal middle-class citizens in positions of influence. Charles VII also developed new product and land taxes that remained the primary source of income for the Crown until the French Revolution in 1789. Marriage was one of the Monarchies best tactics regardless of what country, often leading to acquisitions and allies. The next generation Louis XII married Anne of Brittany and added the duchy of Brittany. His successor Francis I appointed power of the appointment and policies of the church to the Crown in 1516. (John P. McKay 2015,
In France this task was done by Charles VII (1422-1461). His efforts to centralize the institutions of the State included; establishing the first permanent royal army in Europe, restructuring the royal council by replacing the aristocracy with loyal middle-class citizens in positions of influence. Charles VII also developed new product and land taxes that remained the primary source of income for the Crown until the French Revolution in 1789. Marriage was one of the Monarchies best tactics regardless of what country, often leading to acquisitions and allies. The next generation Louis XII married Anne of Brittany and added the duchy of Brittany. His successor Francis I appointed power of the appointment and policies of the church to the Crown in 1516. (John P. McKay 2015,