In Experiment 12B we used an umpolung reagent in an umpolung synthesis to synthesize benzoin from benzaldehyde. Umpolung synthesis is a synthetic approach that allows us to switch the identity of a reacting species. For example, the normal chemical reactivity of a nucleophile can be switched to one of an electrophilic compound. Two common agents are cyanide and thiamine (Vitamin B). The mechanisms for both agents are the same.…
In the Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of norbornene, water and sulfuric acid were added to the C=C double bond to form norborneol. Sulfuric acid acted as a catalyst, where it was not consumed in the reaction and helped to propel the reaction forward, as it was vital in forming hydronium ion and breaking the double bond. Both the products endo-norborneol and exo-norborneol were synthesized; however regioselectivity and stereoselectivity played a role as to which product was more preferred and whether the equatorial or axial orientation of the hydroxy group was favored. The setup of the Cold-Finger, and the ability of norborneol to sublime readily allowed for the purification of the crude product to obtain the diastereomeric products exo- and endo-norborneol.…
Experiment 7 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Of Salicyamide Name: Lidia Santiana Palha Student number: s3333523 Email-address: lidiapalha@gmail.com Name of demonstrator: H.Helbert Reaction Equation Summary Salicylamide and sodium iodide are dissolved in ethanol, and stirred and cooled to 0. After that household bleach was added while stirring vigorously, solution changed from colorless to pale yellow. Sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid were added aswell.…
The effect of the increase or decrease of [tBuCl] is evident by observing the reaction rate for each trial. As the initial concentration of tBuCl is increasing, the rate of the reaction is also increasing. As explained above, since this is a SN1 mechanism, the reaction rate is only dependant of the increase or decrease of the tertiary alkyl halide, Hence, the rate law for this reaction will be Rate = k [tBuCl], where the change in concentration of OH- will play no role other than being a nucleophile in the reaction. 3.…
The purpose of these calculations is to identify the limiting reagent and calculate the percent yield of the esterification reaction used to produce aspirin. This reaction was catalyzed by concentrated H2SO4, but since it is not consumed during the reaction, it does not affect the stoichiometric calculations. In order to determine the limiting reagent, the moles of reactants were calculated (Part A). Part B of the calculations illustrates the amount of aspirin produced by each reactant based on 1:1 mole ratio defined by the balanced equation of the reaction. According to these calculations, salicylic acid is the limiting reagent because it produces the least amount of aspirin.…
Transport of proteins into the nucleus occurs via a channel called nuclear pore complex (NPC), which penetrates and spans the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, hence giving a shorter pathway for proteins to enter the nucleus; inner nuclear membrane contains proteins acting as binding site for nuclear lamina, indirectly providing support for the NPC as the primary function of nuclear lamina is to structurally support the nuclear envelope. NPC is made up of approximately 30 different proteins known as nucleoporins. There are three types of nucleoporins: 1. Transmembrane ring proteins, which anchor NPC onto nuclear envelope; 2.…
Chemistry Internal Assessment Introduction: The experiment is to conclude which aqueous solution of the chlorides has the highest boiling point out of the five that has been tested.there will be five different chloride compounds mixed into water and be heated till it is boiling. The interest for this topic comes from how intermolecular forces affect the molecules by either repulsing and attracting molecules due to polarity. This idea interests me because when cooking and boiling salt water, it takes longer and for it to boil as well as mixing anything else into the water. Research Question: How does different chlorides affect the boiling point of water?…
The sodium bromide reacts with the sulfuric acid to produce hydrobromic acid, which will then react with n-butyl bromide to produce n-butyl alcohol via an SN2 reaction. Sulfuric acid also serves as an excess reagent to shift equilibrium…
These two steps were already carried out and 4 amino-phenol was the amine used in the first part of this experiment. 4 amino phenol and acetic anhydride undergo a nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction. A reaction mechanism is a step-by-step process when reactant molecules change in their geometry in order to produce new products. This occurs due to omission or addition of reagents, where bonds are broken down to form new ones4. 4 amino-phenol contains two functional groups, an OH and a NH2 group attached to a benzene ring while acetic anhydride is a derivative of a carboxylic acid group.…
From proceedingdiscussion, one might expect that both compounds should have the same boiling points because of their similar molecular weight (88.2amu) and since both alcohols contain hydrogen directly bonded to oxygen, and therefore each molecule possess hydrogen bonding as additional intermolecular forces. However, this is not so because the differences in boiling points between these two compounds cannot clearly be attributed to the molecular weight and hydrogen bonding alone. The key to understanding these trends is to realize that although both compounds have similar molecular weight, but they also have different molecular shape and size (surface area). The larger and elongated shape of 1-pentanol provides a greater surface area available for contact between molecules, resulting in corresponding increase in the strength of dispersion forces between them, thus higher boiling points. In contrast, the smaller and more branched, spherical compact shape of 3-methyl-1-butanol offers a smaller surface area available for intermolecular contact which lowers the strength of the dispersion forces, resulting in corresponding decrease in boiling points observed.…
Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory was to synthesize isopentyl acetate, commonly known as banana oil, in a reaction of methanol and isopentyl alcohol catalyzed by sulfuric acid. Through this Fischer esterification reaction, it was possible to learn about using a Reflux condenser to run a reaction as well as purifying the product through various washes and extractions along with simple distillation. In addition, the product of the experiment was carefully analyzed based upon boiling point, physical characteristics, IR and 1H NMR. The overall objective was to successfully isolate the product of isopentyl acetate and observe the purity of this product.…
The goal of this experiment was to reduce Camphor into Borneol and Isoborneol using Sodium Borohydride. In this reaction, Isoborneol was the major product while Borneol was the minor product. This is a reduction reaction, where the ketone on the Camphor is reduced to form two products with secondary alcohols. First, 0.25 grams of Camphor was obtained and added to a 50ml flask and mixed with 1.5 ml of methanol.…
The prediction for this experiment was: when the temperature hits 80 degrees Celsius, the catechol will be at its optimal absorbance. The alternate hypothesis tested for this following experiment was that there is a significant relationship between catechol and pH. In contrast, the null hypothesis states that there is no significant relationship between catechol and oxidase and pH. This hypothesis will be supported if the rate of catechol oxidase does not increase. The hypothesis was tested by observing the reaction time of catechol oxidase at four different…
Introductions: The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize acetaminophen and esters in order to apply the process of retrosynthetic analysis to determine the unknown alcohols used to produce the esters. Acetaminophen, a popular active ingredient in many over-the-counter drugs, is used as a pain reliever and a fever reducer. It is synthesized from the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine; thus, acetaminophen contains hydroxyl and amide functional groups.1 C6H7NO + C4H6O3 C8H9NO2 + C2H4O2 This reaction is commonly known as a condensation reaction.…
Abstract This experiment involved an electrophilic aromatic substitution of bromobenzene. Two products were formed: 4-nitrobromobenzene (4-NBB) and 2-nitrobromobenzene (2-NBB). Utilizing column chromatography and recrystallization, separation and purification of the two products was obtained. The mass of 4-NBB, the para product, was 1.57 grams, while the mass of 2-NBB, the ortho product, was 0.80 grams.…