The reduction of this ketone produces secondary alcohols. Sodium borohydride is often used in this process because it reacts more rapidly with the carbonyl group than with the solvent. In this experiment, the reduction of 9-fluorenone using sodium borohydride to give 9-fluorenol will be examined. This reaction involves the transfer of a hydride ion from borohydride ion to the electrophilic carbonyl carbon with the accompanying transfer of the electron deficient boron atom to the carbonyl oxygen.1 The reaction is shown below: 10 is 9-fluorenone, 11 is the intermediate borate salt, and 12 is 9-fluorenol.…
Purpose and Background Cells divide in two ways, mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is used to produce cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell for growth, asexual reproduction, or repair after injury. Cells that are produced by mitosis are diploid, meaning that they have two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Meiosis is used to produce haploid cells that have only one set of chromosomes, a mix of chromosomes from both parents. Meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from their parent cells.…
The neutralization of the reaction was verified using pH paper to test whether the pH was neutral or slightly basic. At this point, the two possible products in the round bottom flask could have been exo- and endo-norborneol. Extraction and washing was performed and the exo- and endo-norborneol products formed were extracted into dichloromethane due to their similar solubilities, where the two products are overwhelmingly non-polar despite the one hydroxyl group. The dichloromethane (DCM) was the bottom layer formed, while the aqueous layer, the layer that was washed away, was the top and this was due to the weight of the chlorine atom that made DCM more dense. Extraction was repeated several times due to the partition coefficient, as it theorizes how smaller extractions are better than bigger extractions because they yield more concentrated extractions in the end.…
Interactive Question 7.2 Cite some experimental evidence that indicates that membrane proteins drift. A good form of experimental evidence is Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching, aka FRAP. In the FRAP process, membrane proteins are labelled with a green fluorescent protein, and part of the plasma membrane is “bleached” with a laser, causing them to lose their fluorescence. The part that was bleached will eventually become fluorescent again, as molecules drift in by diffusion.…
The effect of the BsrG1 restriction enzyme on Wild Type and Mutation 1 of E. coli DNA Introduction: What a lac operon is involved in the lactose metabolism of E. coli and it can only work when there is no glucose present to interfere with the lactose metabolism. (Khan Academy) E. coli chooses prefers glucose and other "better" sugars, so if any are present other than lactose the lac operon will not be expressed in the plasmid. (Khan Academy) A plasmid is an "independent, circular, self-replication DNA molecule" that contrasts with the more complex helical shaped DNA of Eukaryotes.…
Experiment 7 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Of Salicyamide Name: Lidia Santiana Palha Student number: s3333523 Email-address: lidiapalha@gmail.com Name of demonstrator: H.Helbert Reaction Equation Summary Salicylamide and sodium iodide are dissolved in ethanol, and stirred and cooled to 0. After that household bleach was added while stirring vigorously, solution changed from colorless to pale yellow. Sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid were added aswell.…
The purpose of this experiment is to quantify the air quality and emissions of a local Nacogdoches Tadarida brasiliensis, Brazilian Free-Tailed bat colony. Concentration of ammonia, particulate matter, fungi and bacteria were measured to assess air quality. The guano at the base of the garage was also analyzed for nitrogen and carbon content. The colony briefly lived in the north end of parking garage on East College Street and Raguet Avenue until its untimely removal. The colony could be seen primarily in the upper two floors of the side column.…
Ooblek Activity Goal: Use the RACE method in writing the conclusion of a scientific lab report by examining the amazing properties of a substance called Ooblek. The RACE method consists of restating the problem, prompt or assignment, answering the problem, prompt, or argument by making a claim, citing the evidence from the text or lab that supports or disputes your answer, (using qualitative or quantitative observations) and explaining and elaborating your answer using the evidence cited and describing what your evidence revealed/relating it to the real world. Problem: Three liquids (water, glue, borax) are mixed together in a dixie cup. Will the resulting substance be a solid, liquid, or gas? In addition, upon creating the substance did a chemical or physical change occur?…
Furosemide is a medication known as a loop diuretic (Allen, 2013). A diuretic is a medication which increases the amount of urine that passes out from the kidneys and they are often referred to as water tablets. It works by eliminating water and salt from the body through urination. In the kidneys, salt and water are filtered out of the blood and into the tubules of the kidney to the Glomerulus (Waugh and Grant, 2014), making the filtered fluid into urine (Omudhome, 2014). The sodium, chloride and water that are filtered out of the blood is then reabsorbed back into the blood before being eliminated as urine (Omudhome, 2014).…
ABSTRACT Working with infectious agents that require BSL-3 level containment agents offers many challenges for researchers. BSL-3 containment laboratories are usually not equipped with expensive specialty equipment that is needed for studies such as flow cytometric analysis, microscopy, and proteomic analyses. Therefore, for most researchers that are working with BSL-3 level infectious agents, removal of samples from BSL-3 labs for these types of studies is necessary, and methods for complete and dependable inactivation of the samples are required. In this report we have done a thorough characterization of the effectiveness of paraformaldehyde fixation for inactivation of cell samples infected with the intracellular bacterial agents Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) and Francisella tularensis (Ft), both of which are Tier 1 select agent pathogens that require BSL-3 containment. We have demonstrated that cells infected with these pathogens are completely inactivated via 5-minute treatment with 4% paraformaldehyde.…
This the reaction involves a tertiary alkyl halide, which is tert-butyl chloride, which further indicates that the reaction follows a SN1…
Four different were gathered from the IR spectroscopy to identify the nitrophenol. The first peak observed was a weak and broad at 3314.75 cm-1, which was corresponded to an alcohol group; therefore this peak must be corresponded to the O-H stretch of the phenol with a literature value that ranges from 3550-3500 cm-1 (Figure 5). The variance between the observed value, and the expected value can be due to the MHz of the IR spectrometer used. The second peak observed was a weak-medium, sharp and narrow at 1586.79 cm-1. This peak was in agreement with the aromatic C=…
28 corn seeds of the same species (Zea Mays L.) were planted in identical pots with exactly 55g of soil from the same bag. The soil was dampened with 100ml of distilled water. The seeds were then planted 3.81cm below the surface. 4 groups were set up each containing 7 plants. The first group was a control group and was only exposed to distilled water.…
Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory was to synthesize isopentyl acetate, commonly known as banana oil, in a reaction of methanol and isopentyl alcohol catalyzed by sulfuric acid. Through this Fischer esterification reaction, it was possible to learn about using a Reflux condenser to run a reaction as well as purifying the product through various washes and extractions along with simple distillation. In addition, the product of the experiment was carefully analyzed based upon boiling point, physical characteristics, IR and 1H NMR. The overall objective was to successfully isolate the product of isopentyl acetate and observe the purity of this product.…
Introductions: The purpose of this experiment is to synthesize acetaminophen and esters in order to apply the process of retrosynthetic analysis to determine the unknown alcohols used to produce the esters. Acetaminophen, a popular active ingredient in many over-the-counter drugs, is used as a pain reliever and a fever reducer. It is synthesized from the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine; thus, acetaminophen contains hydroxyl and amide functional groups.1 C6H7NO + C4H6O3 C8H9NO2 + C2H4O2 This reaction is commonly known as a condensation reaction.…