On the way from solar cell to the solar module, the output efficiency decreases. For example when a multi-crystalline PV solar cells of 17.8% efficiency is used, the resulting efficiency of a module is around 15.9 to 16.3%. This decrease in efficiency is mainly because of three distinct losses listed below.
1. Optical losses generated by material reflectance and absorption
2. Electrical losses due to series resistance in the cell and string connectors
3. Physical layout of the PV module and framing (inactive areas)
3.1 Optical Losses
Optical losses effect the power output of the module by lowering the short circuit current. “Optical losses consist of light which could have generated an electron-hole pair, but doesn’t, because the light is
1. Optical losses generated by material reflectance and absorption
2. Electrical losses due to series resistance in the cell and string connectors
3. Physical layout of the PV module and framing (inactive areas)
3.1 Optical Losses
Optical losses effect the power output of the module by lowering the short circuit current. “Optical losses consist of light which could have generated an electron-hole pair, but doesn’t, because the light is