Our results highlight the role of the lateral
Our results highlight the role of the lateral
Adrenal medulla:- The adrenal medulla produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Both of these hormones help to increase the flow of blood to the brain and muscles to improve the “fight-or-flight” response to stress. These hormones also work to increase heart rate, breathing rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure while decreasing the flow of blood to and function of organs that are not involved in responding to emergencies.…
by the brain and phantom-limb pain. Flor et al. compared the cortical reorganization in 13 upper-limb amputees (using magnetic source imagine), their individual amount of phantom limb pain using comprehensive neurological and psychological investigation (as well as a standardized pain-intensity scale) and facial remapping. Results showed a positive relationship in amount of cortical reorganization and the amount of phantom limb pain experienced by each subject (P > 0.0001), (Flor et al., 1995, p.482).…
Continous, unrelieved pain disturbs the psychological state of Emily and her family members. Collective psychological responses to pain comprise of depression and anxiety. The inability to elude from pain and may generate a perception of helplessness and despair, which may predispose her to more chronic disorders such as depression and anxiety. Emily has been suffering ongoing abdominal pain associated with vomiting and diarrhoea due to her Crohn’s, she is treated with intravenous antibiotics and hydrocortisone. Pain causes stress.…
Great post, you explained very well and I liked the concise and clear statement about the brain map. Unfortunately, the brain is the most complex part of the human body. For centuries, scientists have been fascinated by the brain, but until recently they viewed the brain as nearly incomprehensible. Scientists believe that the brain is the greatest mysteries.…
To demonstrate the role of maladaptive sensorimotor cortical plasticity in the sensation of PLP, Yanagisawa and his colleagues utilized…
The major somatosensory pathways are: The lateral corticospinal tract which controlls motor fucntions, particularlly in the arms, and is located near the dorsal root ganglion. The Medial corticospinal tract which controlls muscles and motor functions, and is located in lower medulla.…
It is easy for a person to imagine the painful experience of falling off a bicycle and scraping a knee for the first time. What is more difficult is for him/ her to imagine that pain as constant, multiplied on large scale, and not knowing what causes the pain. Unfortunately, patients with CRPS know this experience as one knows their own name. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), formerly known as Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD), is ranked as the most severe form of chronic pain that exists today by the McGill Pain Index. Knowing this leads to the desire for a simple goal: discover the origin of the disease.…
Introduction Pain catastrophizing is defined as a tendency to exaggerate and interpret pain-related experiences in a negative way, and it is associated with the expectation of negative outcomes in ambiguous situations (Parkerson et al., 2013; Sharpe, Johnson, & Dear, 2014). Considering the association between pain catastrophizing and pain-related fear, it is likely that pain catastrophizing can be also considered responsible for persistence of chronic pain (Khatibi, Schrooten, Vancleef, & Vlaeyen, 2014). In addition, pain catastrophizing may have a communal coping function that is chronic pain patients may catastrophize about pain to elicit more support from their significant others, for instance, their spouses (M. J. Sullivan et al., 2001).…
Modulation of pain occurs by different ways in order to inhibit the pain sensation. First, the endogenous opiates system, the naturally occurring opioids present throughout the central nervous system (CNS). Second, the descending system which is a pathway from the brain for natural pain modulation (inhibition) at the spinal cord, consist of descending neurons that synapse with the ascending neuron lead to releasing of the neurotransmitter such as endogenous opiates, serotonin, and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) that suppress the pain signals and this explain the use of antidepressants and opioids in the treatment of chronic pain. Under normal condition, balance presents between the excitatory (glutametergic) system and the inhibitory (GABAergic)…
Chronic pain has a multidimensional effect on a person’s life and ultimately changes life completely. Pain that is chronic and debilitating can cause stress & anxiety, sleeping problems, family/relationship worries, financial stress, and can lead to unemployment. Chronic pain is defined as, “any pain that lasts for more than three months. The pain can become progressively worse and reoccur intermittently, outlasting the usual healing process. After injured tissue heals, pain is expected to stop once the underlying cause is treated, per conventional ideas of pain”.…
There are various theories exist regarding the mechanisms of origin of migraine headache. One of such theories is the vascular theory which proposes that the intracranial vasoconstriction causes ischemia, which results in the aura preceding the migraine. The subsequent rebound vasodilation causes the migraine headache. The theory was based on the observation that during a migraine attack the extracranial vessels become pulsatile and distended. However, this theory was disputed as it couldn’t explain the facts that not all the individuals who suffer from migraine have a pulsatile quality of headache as well as some patients do not experience the aura.…
Studies regarding cervical spine shown that chronic neck pain is related to psychological states such as anxiety, depression and kinesiophobia. The following psychological states are considered to lead to a biochemical sequence of phenomenon leading to experience of greater pain and disability. Also, these psychological states can also secondarily deteriorates patient’s symptoms through avoidance to movement and exercise or restraining one’s daily…
The extensive recent research utilizing neuroimaging techniques to study pain in healthy subjects has many clinical implications for pain diagnosis and treatment. For the sake of brevity, this response will focus on fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imagining), a method that surveys changes in blood flow assumed to be reflecting alterations in neural activity and maps them to an anatomical representation of the patient’s brain (Borsook, Burstein et al. 2004). The culmination of several fMRI studies in healthy subjects has elucidated specific regions and networks of the central nervous system (CNS) that may be integral to pain processing in humans and may serve as “biomarkers” to help clinicians diagnose a patient’s pain condition (Wartolowska…
Pain is subjective and difficult because it has both an affective and sensory component (Pain). The rest of the nervous system pain reception is created before…
Fear and anxiety play a role in painful stimuli. Furthermore, it is important that health care providers understand that pain is not only physical but also…