by the brain and phantom-limb pain. Flor et al. compared the cortical reorganization in 13 upper-limb amputees (using magnetic source imagine), their individual amount of phantom limb pain using comprehensive neurological and psychological investigation (as well as a standardized pain-intensity scale) and facial remapping. Results showed a positive relationship in amount of cortical reorganization and the amount of phantom limb pain experienced by each subject (P > 0.0001), (Flor et al., 1995, p.482).
Methods
In evaluating PLP treatment options, different stages of PLP onset and levels of treatment are analyzed to find the best combination to minimize the onset and severity of PLP. Preemptive anesthesia prior to surgical amputation is analyzed in reducing the severity, and also onset in some cases, of PLP post surgery. Pharmacotherapy is then analyzed specifically the use of NSAIDs, antidepressants, and opioids, in reducing PLP pain intensity in the short term and long term …show more content…
performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial to investigate the use of perioperative analgesia to reduce PLP post-amputation. In Karanikolas et al. study, 65 patients underwent lower limb amputation and were divided into five groups; the first group received perioperative epidural analgesia and epidural anesthesia (Epi/Epi/Epi group), the second group received perioperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), postoperative epidural analgesia, and epidural anesthesia (PCA/Epi/Epi group), the third group received perioperative intravenous PCA and epidural anesthesia (PCA/Epi/PCA group), the fourth group received perioperative intravenous PCA and general anesthesia (PCA/GA/PCA group), and the control group of the study received conventional analgesia and GA (Karanikolas et al., 2011, p. 1144). Groups that were given a perioperative type of analgesia were administered it 48 hours prior to surgery and continued infusion 48 hours post
Methods
In evaluating PLP treatment options, different stages of PLP onset and levels of treatment are analyzed to find the best combination to minimize the onset and severity of PLP. Preemptive anesthesia prior to surgical amputation is analyzed in reducing the severity, and also onset in some cases, of PLP post surgery. Pharmacotherapy is then analyzed specifically the use of NSAIDs, antidepressants, and opioids, in reducing PLP pain intensity in the short term and long term …show more content…
performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial to investigate the use of perioperative analgesia to reduce PLP post-amputation. In Karanikolas et al. study, 65 patients underwent lower limb amputation and were divided into five groups; the first group received perioperative epidural analgesia and epidural anesthesia (Epi/Epi/Epi group), the second group received perioperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), postoperative epidural analgesia, and epidural anesthesia (PCA/Epi/Epi group), the third group received perioperative intravenous PCA and epidural anesthesia (PCA/Epi/PCA group), the fourth group received perioperative intravenous PCA and general anesthesia (PCA/GA/PCA group), and the control group of the study received conventional analgesia and GA (Karanikolas et al., 2011, p. 1144). Groups that were given a perioperative type of analgesia were administered it 48 hours prior to surgery and continued infusion 48 hours post