Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in the world. It starts in the cells lining the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects uterus to the vagina (birth canal). The normal cervical cells acquire the genetic change that causes them to abnormal cells. Then, they begin to grow out of control and become cancerous cells. The two main types of cervical cancer are squamous cell carcinomas, which develops from cells in the exocervix and adenocarcinomas, which develops from gland cells. It is mostly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. According to The American Cancer Society, in the United States, there are approximately 13,000 new cases of invasive cervical cancer each year, and about 4,000 women
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There are over 100 different types of HPV, not all of which are linked to cancer. The high-risk types of cervical cancer are HPV-16 and HPV-18. They account for about 70% of global cervical cancer cases, with HPV-16 causing about 55-60% and HPV-18 about 10-15%. (Islam et al., 2018). These types of HPV cause the production of two proteins known as E6 and E7 which turn off some tumor suppressor genes. This can cause cervical lining cells to grow out of control and develop changes in additional genes, which will lead to cancer. Another cause of cervical cancer can be smoking. Researchers claim that female smokers are about twice as likely as non-smokers to get cervical cancer. The harmful substances found in tobacco prevent their immune system from effectively fighting with HPV infection, and damage the DNA of cervix cells which causes to have cervical cancer. In addition, some other risk factors of cervical cancer have been identified such as immune system deficiency, long-term using of oral contraceptives, having full-term pregnancy at young age, and exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES, a hormonal drug helps to prevent miscarriage during pregnancy), and having a family history of cervical
There are over 100 different types of HPV, not all of which are linked to cancer. The high-risk types of cervical cancer are HPV-16 and HPV-18. They account for about 70% of global cervical cancer cases, with HPV-16 causing about 55-60% and HPV-18 about 10-15%. (Islam et al., 2018). These types of HPV cause the production of two proteins known as E6 and E7 which turn off some tumor suppressor genes. This can cause cervical lining cells to grow out of control and develop changes in additional genes, which will lead to cancer. Another cause of cervical cancer can be smoking. Researchers claim that female smokers are about twice as likely as non-smokers to get cervical cancer. The harmful substances found in tobacco prevent their immune system from effectively fighting with HPV infection, and damage the DNA of cervix cells which causes to have cervical cancer. In addition, some other risk factors of cervical cancer have been identified such as immune system deficiency, long-term using of oral contraceptives, having full-term pregnancy at young age, and exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES, a hormonal drug helps to prevent miscarriage during pregnancy), and having a family history of cervical