79-110 million people are currently infected and the worldwide risk of HPV infection at least once in their lifetime in both men and women is 50% (Handler et al., 2015). The risk of being infected with HPV is 24% after someone becomes sexually active if they are also under 25 years old (Foreman et al., 2012). Worldwide, cervical cancer is the 3rd most commonly diagnosed cancer and is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in women with a higher mortality rate in developing nations (Handler et al., 2015). In the United States, it is estimated that 14-20 million people are infected each year and there are about 11,967 new HPV-associated cancers each year (CDC, 2014b). In 2012, there were 12,042 cases of cervical cancer diagnosed and 4,074 deaths from cervical cancer (CDC, 2015b). More African American and Hispanic women are diagnosed with cervical cancer in America. This may be due to a decreased access to Pap smears or follow up treatment (CDC, 2014b).
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Carboplatin is an analog of cisplatin and has slower DNA binding kinetics and lower reactivity. Carboplatin has fewer protein-carboplatin complexes formed and these are excreted meaning that it has a lower excretion rate and the effects last longer in the body (Dasari & Tchounwou, 2014). Cisplatin and carboplatin are both effective at treating cervical cancer although carboplatin is the chemotherapy drug that is less toxic (Lorusso et al., 2014).
Pelvic exoneration is a surgery that is performed in cases of very severe or recurrent cervical cancer. In this surgery, the cervix, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes and vagina are removed (ACS, 2013) along with the pelvic lymph nodes (Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, 2015a). The bladder, urethra, rectum and part of the colon may also be removed. If the bladder is removed, the patient will need a urostomy, if the rectum and part of the colon is removed, they will need a colostomy and if the vagina is removed, a new one may be formed from muscle and skin or skin grafts that may still have the nerves attached (ACS,
Carboplatin is an analog of cisplatin and has slower DNA binding kinetics and lower reactivity. Carboplatin has fewer protein-carboplatin complexes formed and these are excreted meaning that it has a lower excretion rate and the effects last longer in the body (Dasari & Tchounwou, 2014). Cisplatin and carboplatin are both effective at treating cervical cancer although carboplatin is the chemotherapy drug that is less toxic (Lorusso et al., 2014).
Pelvic exoneration is a surgery that is performed in cases of very severe or recurrent cervical cancer. In this surgery, the cervix, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes and vagina are removed (ACS, 2013) along with the pelvic lymph nodes (Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, 2015a). The bladder, urethra, rectum and part of the colon may also be removed. If the bladder is removed, the patient will need a urostomy, if the rectum and part of the colon is removed, they will need a colostomy and if the vagina is removed, a new one may be formed from muscle and skin or skin grafts that may still have the nerves attached (ACS,