The cerebellum, on the other hand, is involved in controlling movements through coordination, precision, and accurate timing of movement. Unlike the basal ganglia, it does not directly initiate or suppress movement but works by influencing movements by modifying activity patterns of the upper motor neurons. The cerebellum receives its input from the spinal cord in form of mossy fibers that project from the pons and spinocerebellar pathways. Mossy fibers contribute the information necessary for the output from the motor cortex and sensory information about the state of the body. In addition, it also receives input from climbing fibers that project from the inferior olive, of which contribute information about the errors in movement. These climbing
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It occurs when stomach acids or stomach content back flows into your esophagus. Since this backwash substance comes from the stomach it is generally highly acidic and causes irritation of the sensitive lining of the esophagus, ultimately causing gastric reflux. The primary event in GERD is the movement of gastric juice from the stomach into the esophagus. The movement of gastric contents into the esophagus is generally due to a defect in the sphincter mechanism at the esophago-gastric junction. It is thought that there is a weakness in one of the two lower esophageal sphincters that cause the reflux. It is found that although some patients do indeed experience a weak lower esophageal sphincter they also have a weak crural diaphragm, however this mechanism is currently unknown. Currently, there are two possible mechanisms that are thought to cause reflux. One of the mechanisms is low basal sphincter pressure leading to free reflux, mostly occurring while the patient is in supine position. The second mechanism is increased frequency of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations with normal or increased resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure leading to reflux during daytime hours while the patient is standing upright. The major mechanism that is thought to cause GERD involves transient spontaneous and inappropriate
It occurs when stomach acids or stomach content back flows into your esophagus. Since this backwash substance comes from the stomach it is generally highly acidic and causes irritation of the sensitive lining of the esophagus, ultimately causing gastric reflux. The primary event in GERD is the movement of gastric juice from the stomach into the esophagus. The movement of gastric contents into the esophagus is generally due to a defect in the sphincter mechanism at the esophago-gastric junction. It is thought that there is a weakness in one of the two lower esophageal sphincters that cause the reflux. It is found that although some patients do indeed experience a weak lower esophageal sphincter they also have a weak crural diaphragm, however this mechanism is currently unknown. Currently, there are two possible mechanisms that are thought to cause reflux. One of the mechanisms is low basal sphincter pressure leading to free reflux, mostly occurring while the patient is in supine position. The second mechanism is increased frequency of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations with normal or increased resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure leading to reflux during daytime hours while the patient is standing upright. The major mechanism that is thought to cause GERD involves transient spontaneous and inappropriate