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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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science
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attempts to form facts; search for valid information with methods to make good observations
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Zeitgeist
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spirit of the times; influence of factors like political climate, technology advances, economic conditions, developments in other sciences
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presentism
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using the present state as a guide to understand the history; sees contemporary knowledge as the highest development
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historicism
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study of the past without attempts to show relationships between the past and present; understanding the mentality of that era
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normal science
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Kuhn; exploring a newly accepted paradigm and its implications
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paradigm
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Kuhn; a common set of assumptions/ beliefs about a subject matter
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physis
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one substance/ element from which everything else is derived;
those who sough it were physicists |
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Sophists
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what can humans know and how can they know it;
no single truth exists since nothing is inherently right or wrong, but believing makes it so |
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Protagoras
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1st sophist
1. truth depends on the perceiver 2. perceptions vary from person to person 3. culture influences what one believes is true 4. must understand the person to understand their beliefs |
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Gorgias
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Nihilist- there can be no objective way of determining knowledge or truth
- unbridgeable gap between one person's thoughts and anothers |
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solipsism
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the self can be aware of nothing except its own experiences and mental states
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Xenophanes
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humans create their own truth and religion
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Socrates
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sought the essence of things; knowledge comes from understanding the essences
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Inductive definition
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examined concepts like beauty, then questioned what all instances of beauty had in common
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Plato
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we can not trust our sensory experiences; nativist
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Theory of forms
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everything is a manifestation of a pure form that exists in the abstract; plato
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Allegory of the cave
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Plato; prisoners only see shadows on the wall and this constitutes their reality, never see the true essence
shadow world is sensory experiences- real obects (forms), case shadows (senses) |
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Reminiscence theory of knowledge
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all knowledge is innate and can be attained only through introspection- searching one's inner experiences
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naive realism
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what we experience mentally is exactly the same as what is present physically
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scientific theory
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1. organize empirical observations
2. acts as a guide for future observations |
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Karl Popper
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Scientific theory consists of problems, theories, and criticism.
- starts with a problem which determines what observations scientists make. - a theories incorrect predictions cause more scientific progress than correct ones principle of falsifiability, risky predictions, postdiction |
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Principle of falsifiability
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Popper; a scientific theory must be refutable; must make predictions that run a risk of being incorrect
- vague theories prevent meaningful tests |
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Thomas Kuhn
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Science is highly subjective; a paradigm guides all activities.
paradigm, normal science, stages of scientific development, anomalies |
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How do scientific paradigms change
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Kuhn
1. must be a persistent observation that a current paradigm can't explain. (anomalies) 2. a minority will propose an alternative viewpoint that accounts for the anomalie 3. New paradigm eventually wins out and displaces old one |
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Stages of scientific development
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Kuhn
1. preparadigmatic stage- competing viewpoints exist until one school wins 2. paradigmatic stage- normal science occurs 3. revolutionary stage- an existing paradigm is displaced by another |
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Popper vs Kuhn
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Popper
- problem solving is creative - science is logic and creativity - science can approximate truths about the physical world Kuhn - problem solving is like a puzzle - science is convention and subjective factors - truth itself is a relative paradigm |
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Determinism
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behavior is caused
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