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81 Cards in this Set
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Historiography
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the writing of history along with the study of the methods and philosophy issues that are important to a historian.
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1. literally the writing
2. characteristics of a body of writing 3. phil problems in history |
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Linear-Progressive theory
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the view of history that believes in inevitable growth and progress of human knowledge and institutions
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Secular theory
Leibniz |
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Great Person theory
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the view that unique people play a causal role in history
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Chaos hypothesis
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there is no pattern or direction to history.
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no intrinsic meaning
Jean-Paul Sartre Secular |
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Cyclical theory
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history repeats itself
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Erich Fromm
Secular |
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Pluralism
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there is no such thing as a single history. linear, cyclical, chaotic
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Secular
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Apocalyptic theory
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beinning and end of world is fixed. Closed Future.
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Fate in hands of a diety
Providential |
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Prophetic theory
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"if-then". Humans can be successful or fail (spirituality)
Furture is Open |
Providential
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Presentism
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we live in a temporal context and can never accurately capture the past
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Past Mindedness
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temporal bias can be overcome
empathy |
to be objective--be fair to all points of view
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Ortigeist and Zeitgeist
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the spirit of the place. emphasizes place (O) and time (Z) rather than person
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a condition for the production and acceptance of new ideas
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Aestheticism
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principles of beauty are appicable to other areas of thought
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"truth is beauty and beauty is truth"
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Authority
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truth=reference to books, institutions, legal codes, other people as appropriate source of knowledge
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gaged in degree of conformity=virtue. pride = sin
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Epistemology
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phil concerned with problems of knowledge
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what can we know?
how can we know it? |
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Empiricism
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phil-- emphasizes importance of experience, observation, and learning by gaining knowledge
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some pride can be a virtue
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Legalism
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truth is defined by legal codes that may be regarded as devine or human origin
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Materialism
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all real things are composed entirely of matter.
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things can be understood in terms of material structure
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Determinism
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universal causation. Contrast with free will.
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Idealism
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mind/spirit = preeminent feature of life
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Pragmaticism
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emphasized utility and workability. Cash value or practical work. Truth determined by utility and practical consequence
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Rationalism
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deductive reasoning
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to reason or think
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Skepticism
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all truth claims are suspect and are to be questioned
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Dogmatism
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justification ultimately become circular
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Tradition
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preserve customs that are viewed as successful or sacred.
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Rationalism
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deductive reasoning
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to reason or think
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Revelationism
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closely related to authority.
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message regarded as supernatureal communication
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Skepticism
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all truth claims are suspect and are to be questioned
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Who's associated with Skepticism?
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Pyrrho of Elea
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Sextus Empiricus
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Dogmatism
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justification ultimately become circular
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Who's associated with Epicureanism?
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Epicurus
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Lucretius -- first school leader
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Tradition
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preserve customs that are viewed as successful or sacred.
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Revelationism
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closely related to authority.
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message regarded as supernatureal communication
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Epicureanism
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pain = evil and should be avoided. Pleasure in disciplined amount = good.
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Who's associated with Skepticism?
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Pyrrho of Elea
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Sextus Empiricus
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Stoicism
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discipline, self-control, reason, duty
plearsure not to be pursued but can come as a consequence. |
nation states are arbitrary
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Who's associated with Epicureanism?
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Epicurus
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Lucretius -- first school leader
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Who's associated with Stoicism?
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Zeno
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Epicureanism
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pain = evil and should be avoided. Pleasure in disciplined amount = good.
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Stoicism
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discipline, self-control, reason, duty
plearsure not to be pursued but can come as a consequence. |
nation states are arbitrary
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Who's associated with Stoicism?
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Zeno
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Neoplatonism
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"soul is not in the universe, the universe is in the soul."
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reason against reliance on senses.
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Who's associated with Neoplatonism
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Plotinus, Hypatia
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Galen
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famous Roman medic
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The 4 humors
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phlegm, black bile, yellow bile, blood
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Personality types of the humors
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Phlegmatic (sluggish/laid back)
Sanguine (blood-cheerful) Choleric (yb-nervous, temper) Melancholic (b, pensive) |
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Natural spirit
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vegitative process
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Vital spirit
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in the heart--heart rate, respiration, life
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Animal spirits
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in brain, thought process
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Thales
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water is primal substance
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interested in the problem of movement
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Anaximander
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apeiron = primal sub
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maybe first evolutionalist
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Anaximenes
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air = primal substance
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rarefraction and condensation G
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Heraclitus
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fire = symbolic of nature
founder of process theory Primal reality = Change Subjectivity relativism empiricism |
Primal reality = Change
G |
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Leucippus adn Democritus
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individual atoms = primary reality
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deterministic
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Pythagoras
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Number = fundamental reality
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all things numerable
G |
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Theana
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Wife of Pythagoras and key educatio
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G |
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Myia
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daughter of pythagoras and Theana
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Child rearing advise G
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Aesara
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hoeostatc theories.
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physical and mental health should be in balance G
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Xenophanes
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earliest monotheist, attacke anthropromorphim
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G
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Parmenides
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permanence, objectivity, reason, absolutism
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G
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Aesculapius
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son of Apollo
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founder of natural medic
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Alcamaeon
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aruged for dissection
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Empedocles
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strong evolutionist and homeostatic theorist.
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Four basic elements--fire, earth, wind, water
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Hippocrates
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precursor to moder medicine
4 elements + 4 humors |
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ontology
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the study of nature and the relations of being
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epiphenomenalism
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the mind is nothing more than an overflow of underlying neurological activity
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epistemologist
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interested in the problem of knowledge
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solipsism
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the self is the only relaity and only self knowledge is possible
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hisoriography (literal)
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the writing of history
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Teleology
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purpose or goal direction
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Idealism
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the mental world should enjoy primacy in philosophy
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Identity Theory
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psyche is installed when sperm fertilzes the egg
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"formal cause"- aristotle
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taught as a blue print
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axiology
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is the study of values
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theory of forms
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timeless, unextendable
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Nominalism
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only truths we know are words
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double-aspect monism
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Spinoza
2 languages always refer to the same thing |
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Emergentism
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not all at once, it takes time for things to come through (oppossed to identity theory)
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Popper
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Observation for science isn't enough. There needs to be falsifiability.
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Kuhn
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Paradigm. scientific revolution
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Feyerabend
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no such thing as the scientific method. need creativity.
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Causality
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material cause, efficent cause, formal cause, final cause
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