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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The philosophical tradition of objectivism and mechanism; animal psychology; and functional psychology.
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Identify the three major forces that Watson brought together to form behaviorism.
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They focused on experimental rather than anecdotal evidence, which helped give rise to a more objective psychology.
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What does it mean that the influence of Morgan and Romanes persisted for some time?
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Jacques Loeb
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German physiologist and zoologist who developed the concept of tropism, his work was the most objective of his time.
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tropism
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Jacques Loeb’s concept of animal behavior of an involuntary forced movement. He believed that the behavioral response is said to be forced by the stimulus and does not require any explanation in terms of the animal’s consciousness.
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Willard S. Small in 1900
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Who introduced the rat maze. However, he still used mentalistic terms of consciousness when writing about the rats ideas and images.
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Margaret Floy Washburn, The Animal Mind (1908) It was the last book to infer mental states from behavior.
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Who wrote the first comparative psychology textbook and how did it mark the “end of an era”?
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Connectionism
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Thorndike’s experimental approach to learning; based on connections between objectively verifiable situations and responses.
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law of effect
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Thorndike’s theory that acts that produce satisfaction in a given situation become associated with that situation; when the situation recurs, the act is likely to recur.
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Trial-and-error learning – learning based on the repetition of response tendencies that lead to success;
law of exercise – the more an act or response is used in a given situation, the more strongly the act becomes associated with that situation; and l aw of effect. |
What are the three conclusions reached by Thorndike regarding the nature of learning?
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“the tower of silence”
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Pavlov’s research building that was fortified in many ways to prevent any outside stimuli from entering.
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He showed that all complex behavior could be reduced to an objective behavioral core.
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To what extent is Pavlov regarded as important to the development of behavioral therapy?
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Vladimir M. Bekhterev
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Russian neurologist and psychiatrist who was an enemy of Pavlov’s that helped lead the field away from subjectivity. Applied Pavlov’s conditioning principles to the muscles developed theory of associated reflexes. Wrote Objective Psychology in 1907 (also known as Gen. Principles of Human Reflexology).
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"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.”
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Watston’s “behaviorist manifesto” (1913) that marked the beginning of Behaviorism, by completely attacking existing systems of psychology.
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Behaviorism (1925)
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Book that described Watson’s program for the improvement of society, it was immensely popular among the public
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He completely denied the existence of instincts, saying that all behaviors can be traced to early childhood training. Said he could train an infant to be anything.
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What was Watson’s view regarding the influence of instincts?
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McDougall
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With whom did Watson have a famous public debate with over the subject of instincts?
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Thought that regulatory rather than permissive system of parenting was best, very little affection was shown. It was popular in the public and many children were brought up this way.
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What was Watson’s views on child rearing?
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Watson thought that they were only physiological responses to specific stimuli – consisted of fear, rage and love.
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What was Watson’s views on emotions?
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Theorized that thoughts were subvocal talking that relies on the same muscular habits we learn for overt speech.
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What were Watson’s views on thinking?
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Mary Cover Jones
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Did a study to slowly and systematically reduce the fear of rabbits in a child named peter by slowly bringing a rabbit closer and closer to him while he was eating over a period of weeks – systematic desensitization.
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Behaviorism, neobehaviorism, neo-neobehaviorism (sociobehaviorism).
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Identify the three stages of behaviorism.
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operationism
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the doctrine that a physical concept can be defined in precise terms related to the set of operations or procedures by which it is determined. Designed to render the language and terminology of science more objective and precise and to rid science of “pseudoproblems”.
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Purposive Behaviorism
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Tolman’s brand of behaviorism, combining the objective study of behavior with the consideration of goal orientation in behavior.
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intervening variables
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Tolman’s concept that there are unobserved and inferred factors within the organism that are the actual determinants of behavior. The O in S-O-R equation.
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latent learning
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learning that is hidden until it is reinforced, ie, a rat’s behavior in a maze the first time is exploratory until it finds food.
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Mathematico-Deductive Theory
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Hull’s highly mechanistic reductionistic view of people and other organisms with great emphasis on mathematical formulas to account for behavior.
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drives
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a stimulus arising from a state of tissue need that arouses or activates behavior. Hull thought that reduction or satisfaction of this is the sole basis for reinforcement.
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law of primary reinforcement
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Hull’s learning theory stating when a stimulus-response relationship is followed by a reduction in a bodily need (reduction of a primary drive), the probability increases that on subsequent occasions the same stimulus will evoke the same response.
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habit strength
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Hull’s concept of the strength of the S-R connection which is strengthened by the number of reinforcement that have occurred.
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BF Skinner
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He was a radical behaviorist, not a neo-behaviorist and advocated a strict empirical system within which to conduct research, developed operant conditioning.
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black-box psychology
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skinner’s assumption that what exists within the organism does not matter, it comes down to S (environment) and R (response) and that’s all that matters.
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Single subject design
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research design that was championed by Skinner.
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Operant conditioning
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a procedure that changes the rate of a response on the basis of the consequences that result from that response.
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Walden Two
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book written by Skinner describing in detail the operation of a society, based on the assuption that human nature is machinelike.
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Behavior modification
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operant conditioning used for people to encourage/discourage different behaviors.
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social learning theory
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Rotter’s theory integrating pure S-R learning with that which goes on in a cognitive social context. Meant to take into account complex human learning without sacrificing objectivity.
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Behavioral Potential = Expectency and Reinforcement Variable
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BP = f (E & RV)
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locus of control
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Rotter’s idea about the perceived source of reinforcement. Internal – the belief that reinforcement depends on one’s own behavior; external – the belief that reinforcement depends on outside forces. Depending on which a person subscribes to, it exerts some control over behavior.
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social cognitive theory
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bandura’s view of behaviorism that was not as strict, but took into effect a person’s own influence on external reinforcement schedules such as thought processes and beliefs.
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vicarious reinforcement
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bandura’s notion that learning can occur by observing the behavior of other people, and the consequences of their behavior, rather than by always experiencing reinforcement personally.
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Performance accomplishment, social modeling, social persuasion, emotional arousal.
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How can self-efficacy be enhanced?
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