History And Systems Test 1

Front 1

"The life which is unexamined is not worth living"

Back 1

Quote from Socrates

Front 2

"Psychology has a long past, yet its real history is short"

Back 2

Quote from Ebbinghaus

Front 3

"Cogito ergo sum"

Back 3

Quote from Descartes

Front 4

Determinism vs. Indeterminism

Back 4

Human events completely explicable in terms of antecedents vs. not completely so explicable

Front 5

Empiricism vs. Rationalism

Back 5

Knowledge comes from experience vs. comes from reason

Front 6

Functionalism vs. Structuralism

Back 6

Psychological categories are activities vs. contents

Front 7

Inductivism vs. Deductivism

Back 7

Investigations begun with facts or observations vs. with assumed established truths

Front 8

Objective vs. Subjective

Back 8

Open to interpretation vs. not

Front 9

Molecularism vs. Molarism

Back 9

Psychological data most aptly described in terms of relatively small units vs. relatively large units

Front 10

Monism vs. Dualism

Back 10

Fundamental principle or entity in universe is of one kinds vs. two kinds, mind and matter

Front 11

Nomotheticism vs. Idiographicism

Back 11

Emphasis upon discovering general laws vs. upon explaining particular events or individuals

Front 12

Purism vs. Utilitarianism

Back 12

Seeking of knowledge for its own sake vs. its usefulness in other activities

Front 13

Rationalism vs. irrationalism

Back 13

Emphasis upon data supposed to follow dictates of good sense and intellect vs. intrusion or domination of emotive and conative factors upon intellectual processes

Front 14

Kuhn

Back 14

Paradigm, scientists are forced into the paradigmatic box

Front 15

Popper

Back 15

Falsification, should try to falsify theories

Front 16

8 solutions to mind body problem

Back 16

interactionsim, epiphenomenalism, materialism, idealism, double aspectism, parallelism, occasionalism, preestablished harmony

Front 17

Interactionism

Back 17

Mind affects body, body affects mind

Front 18

Epiphenomenalism

Back 18

Body affects mind, mind does not affect body.

Front 19

Materialism

Back 19

The only thing that exists is body, no such thing as mind

Front 20

Idealism

Back 20

The only thing that exists is mind, no such thing as body

Front 21

Double Aspectism

Back 21

Mind and Body are distinguishable, but can not be separated ("two sides of the same coin")

Front 22

Parallelism

Back 22

Mind and Body are not connected, they are perfectly synchronized

Front 23

Occasionalism

Back 23

When mind gives instruction to body, God makes it happen. Vice versa

Front 24

Preestablished Harmony

Back 24

Mind and body are not interacting, they were just perfectly synchronized at the time of their creation

Front 25

8 Systems in Psychology

Back 25

Wundtian/Content Psychology, Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Humanistic Psychology, Cognitive Psychology

Front 26

Wundtian/Content Psychology

Back 26

Psychology should be viewed by the immediate content, without abstraction or reflection

Front 27

Structuralism

Back 27

Focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components

Front 28

Functionalism

Back 28

Sought to explain mental processes in a systematic way, focusing on the purpose of consciousness and behavior

Front 29

Behaviorism

Back 29

Focused on studying behaviors and environment in order to become a science, instead of thoughts, feelings, ideas, etc.

Front 30

Gestalt Psychology

Back 30

"The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" Seeing things as their whole, not the parts (ex. illusions)

Front 31

Psychoanalysis

Back 31

Conscious, Unconscious, etc.

Front 32

Humanistic

Back 32

Focused on the good side of humans, self-worth, etc.

Front 33

Cognitive Psychology

Back 33

Studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn

Front 34

Histiography

Back 34

Principles, methods, and philosophical issues concerning history research

Front 35

Problems with Histiography

Back 35

Delayed release, biases, translation problems, and self-serving data

Front 36

Hippocrates

Back 36

Four elements, humors in body need to be balanced, if not balanced it causes personalities disorders

Front 37

Socrates

Back 37

Searched for essence using inductive (small->big) definition

Front 38

Plato

Back 38

Ideas and Forms - essences had existence. Only know things through reason, not though sensations

Front 39

Allegory of the Cave

Back 39

Plato. Imagine prisoners locked in a cave, only see shadows. one gets free, sees real world, still thinks the shadows are the "real world". After a while, accepts the new world, goes back to cave, the others don't believe him.

Front 40

Analogy of the Divine Line

Back 40

Plato. Explains the four levels of existence, from smaller to larger.

Front 41

Nature of the Soul

Back 41

Plato. Rational component, Courageous component, and Appetitive component

Front 42

Aristotle

Back 42

Mental events occur in the heart, the brain simply cools the blood. 4 causes to anything, Hierarchy of Souls, Laws of Association

Front 43

4 Causes

Back 43

Aristotle. Material cause (matter from which is made), Form Cause (form or pattern of object), Efficient Cause (Transforming force), Final Cause (purpose for existence)

Front 44

Hierarchy of Souls

Back 44

Aristotle. Vegitative soul (plants), Sensitive soul (animals), Rational soul (human)

Front 45

Laws of Association

Back 45

Aristotle.
Law of Contiguity- When we think of something, we also think what occurred contemporaneously
Law of Similarity- Think something; think of something similar
Law of Contrast- Think something; think of something different
Law of Frequency- more often it is experienced, the stronger the association
Law of Ease- Some thoughts occur easier than others

Front 46

Copernicus & Galileo

Back 46

The world is heliocentric- revolve around the sun

Front 47

Francis Bacon

Back 47

Inductive thinking- start from small, build from it. Also, first to differentiate between basic and applied science. Idols of the cave - the mind. Horse's teeth.

Front 48

René Descartes

Back 48

Mechanistic, hydraulic view of reflexes (animal spirits). Cartesian Dualism (pineal gland)

Front 49

Julien de la Mettrie

Back 49

Mechanistic, man is nothing more than a complex machine, animals and humans are on the same continuum (you can teach apes language)

Front 50

Thomas Hobbes

Back 50

Mechanistic, empiricist, deterministic, absolute monarchy is the best form of government

Front 51

John Locke

Back 51

"Tabula Rasa" - NOT innate ideas, everything comes from experience. Primary = physical, secondary = psychological. (experiment with hands in different temperature water, then put in water at same temp)

Front 52

George Berkeley

Back 52

No physical world, opposed to materialism. Reality = perception

Front 53

David Hume

Back 53

Senses = strong, ideas = weak copies of sensations.
"I feel, therefore I am"

Front 54

Law of Resemblance

Back 54

David Hume. Thoughts from one idea to another

Front 55

Law of Contiguity

Back 55

David Hume. Two ideas linked together in space and time

Front 56

Law of Cause and Effect

Back 56

David Hume. Cause precedes effect

Front 57

David Hartly

Back 57

Nerves work through vibrations, NOT hollow tubes. Vibration continues even after sensation stops

Front 58

James Mill

Back 58

Utilitarianism, hedonism. Vividness (pleasure/pain = very vivid)

Front 59

John Stewart Mill

Back 59

Mental chemistry, NOT mental physics or mental mechanics. Not everything goes back to sensations

Front 60

Alexander Bain

Back 60

Founded first psychological journal- Mind (1876). Contiguity, frequency, similarity

Front 61

Law of Compound Association

Back 61

Alexander Bain. Ideas linked with several other ideas at the same time

Front 62

Law of Constructive Association

Back 62

Alexander Bain. Ideas can become rearranged in infinite number of possibilities

Front 63

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

Back 63

Coinvented calculus. Monadology, monads can neither be created nor destroyed.

Front 64

Immanuel Kant

Back 64

a priori- knowledge known by someone independently from an experience
a posteriori- knowledge proven through experience

Front 65

Johann Friedrich Herbart

Back 65

Psychology could be mathematical, tried to quantify mental phenomena

Front 66

Pierre Cabanis

Back 66

Conscious ends when head and brain are severed from body

Front 67

Law of Bell & Magendie

Back 67

Dorsal = Sensory nerves.
Ventral = Motor nerves.

Front 68

Johanness Müller

Back 68

Docrine of Specific Nerve Energies- each nerve responds to its own characteristics, no matter how it is stimulated. (ex. punched in the eye, see stars)

Front 69

Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz

Back 69

Trichromatic theory of color vision. Accurately measured the rate of nerve conduction.

Front 70

Edwald Hering

Back 70

Opponent process theory- after images (?), black/white, blue/yellow, red/green

Front 71

Christine Ladd-Franklin

Back 71

Evolutionary theory of color vision, humans have color vision, lesser animals do not.

Front 72

Phrenology

Back 72

Localization of function. Contralateral, left side of brain controls right side of body, vice versa.

Front 73

Franz Joseph Gall

Back 73

Made phrenology famous

Front 74

Pierre Flourens

Back 74

Pioneered use of ablation, found plasticity/redundancy, hemispheres act as a unit, found roles of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem.

Front 75

Pierre-Paul Broca

Back 75

Broca's aphasia- trouble producing language (ex. "Tan")

Front 76

Carl Wernicke

Back 76

Wernicke's aphasia- "world salad", can't understand language

Front 77

Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig

Back 77

Found contralateral connection (battlefield surgeons) and supported localization

Front 78

David Ferrier

Back 78

Came up with the Homunculus man, mapped out skin sensations on the brain

Front 79

John Hughlings-Jackson

Back 79

Cortex inhibits part of brain, studied seizures

Front 80

Roberts Bartholow

Back 80

Electrically stimulated human patient, found out certain areas of brain control certain functions

Front 81

Camillo Golgi

Back 81

Developed Golgi stain to identify neurons

Front 82

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Back 82

The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system, there is a small gap in between the neurons

Front 83

Sir Charles Sherrington

Back 83

Named the gap between neurons a "synapse"

Front 84

Karl Lashley

Back 84

Searched for engram. Law of Equipotentiality, law of Mass Action

Front 85

Law of Equipotentiality

Back 85

Karl Lashley. If one part of the brain dies, another part takes over

Front 86

Law of Mass Action

Back 86

Karl Lashley. The greater the mass of destruction, the more loss of learning

Front 87

Donald Hebb

Back 87

Cell assembly, reverberating circuits that keep stimulating each other

Front 88

Psychophysics

Back 88

Linking our mind/brain with the physical worlds, how the two relate

Front 89

Ernst Weber

Back 89

Developed the two-point threshold, developed the just noticeable difference (JND). Came up with the first psychological law.

Front 90

First Psychological Law

Back 90

Ernst Weber. (Delta I) / I = k
Difference threshold increases in proportion with the original starting intensity

Front 91

Gustav Fechner

Back 91

Founder of psychophysics. Mental would change arithmetically while the stimulus changed geometrically. Absolute threshold- minimal amount of stimulus energy detectable (ex. hearing test). Difference threshold- smallest change in stimulus detected.

Front 92

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 92

Believed in will- we decide what we pay attention to, our conscious is active.
First Psychology lab
Content Psychology.
Mediate (physical) versus immediate (psychological) experiences.
Conscious experience- Sensations (modality, intensity, quality) and Feelings (pleasant/unpleasant, excitement/depression, tension/relaxation)

Front 93

Herman Ebbbinghaus

Back 93

Learning, nonsense syllables, curve of forgetting

Front 94

Franz Brentano

Back 94

Act Psychology- only thing we know is what we can observe. Introspection. He set the stage for Gestalt Psychology

Front 95

Carl Stumpf

Back 95

Gestalt Psychology. Study phenomena as they occur, Phenomenology. (Remember Clever Hans- Rosenthaw Effect)

Front 96

Georg Elias Müller

Back 96

Learning & memory, social learning (memory drum). Retroactive, proactive interference.

Front 97

Oswald Külpe & the Würzburg School

Back 97

Mental set. (ex. 18 Wheeler gets stuck under underpass). Imageless thought controversy.