Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Descartes
|
1596-1650 Cogitoerso sum-
Method: Doubts everything Only believes in his current thought, then he quickly doubts it Two different types of reflexes Automatic reflex Foot near fire? Move foot. Learned reflexes Pineal, section of the brain. Directing the flow of animal spirits, like a joy stick. Controls the animal spirits (CSF) Hydraulic model The soul has no material appearance Passion Page 43 "… conscious experiences accompanying the body's emotions." The rational soul tries to keep passions in check, however, it doesn't always succeed. Conflict between soul and body. It's the body's fault that it can't control the soul. The soul is perfect. Rationalist and nativist Nativist: perfection, God, innate ideas Rationalist |
|
|
Locke
|
deviates from Descartes in that Locke is an empiricists Experiences are the only building blocks of knowledge
Tabula rasa: blank piece of paper on which one writes Sensations: comes from the external world, hot, cold, wet (simple ideas) Reflections: act of the mind, willing, perceiving, liking, disliking (complex ideas) 64 Contiguity: 2 or more ideas being stimulated at the same time Similarity: becoming familiar with the sensation 67 Primary qualities: objective Secondary qualities: subjective 66 |
|
|
George Berkeley
|
(1685-1753) Subjective idealism (stuck in object permanence)
Esse est percipi: to be is to be perceived All matter is a product of your perception. Without your mind, there is no matter. Matter is always being perceived in the mind of God, therefore, matter exists. |
|
|
David Hartley
|
(1705-1757) Vibratiuncles
Brain vibrations in associations Earliest ideas for neurophysiological associations |
|
|
Associationists
|
David Hume (1711-1776)
Contiguity Similarity James (1773-1836) & John (son) Stuart Mill (1806-1873) Mental mechanics Mental chemistry Experience governed what you were able to accomplish. No innate differences. Feminist: women weren't able to accomplish anything because they weren't given the chance. Abolitionist James: tinker toy model of association (Ideas A and B come together) door + windows=house John: not mechanical, more like mental chemistry. Same as H2O, complex ideas created. |
|
|
Physiology
|
Luigi Galvani (1737-1798)
Fan of Benjamin Franklin Electricity was an inherent property of living organisms Postulated that electricity may be inherent to all living organisms. Nervous system activity is electrical. Didn't think that animals could feel pain, therefore, didn't consider the cruelty towards the animals. Emil DuBois-Reymond (1818-1896) Observed "negative variation" now called action potential Tried to measure electrical currents in nerves If he stimulated the nerves, the positive and negative reversed Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) Measured speed of conduction of the nerve impulse 43 m/sec (pretty slow) Contradicted other findings that nerve responses were instantaneous |
|
|
Question: if nervous activity is electrical- how is it possible for different nerves like optic nerves and auditory nerves to carry different information?
|
Answer: Johannes Muller
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies Sir Charles Bell & Francois Magendie Peripheral nerves enter & exit spinal cord divide into two roots: Dorsal- sensation Ventral- movement Depending on which part of the brain is stimulated, it produces a certain response. Separated sensation and movement in the spinal cord, stimulus and response |
|
|
Franz Joseph Gall
|
758-1828 Contours of skull reflects brain functioning
|
|
|
Localization of function
|
Phrenology
Flourens and ablation Worked with cats Removed cerebellum, cat still wanted to reproduce Broca and "Tan" Phineas Gage |
|
|
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain
|
Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig (1870)
WWI Roberts Bartholow & Mary Rafferty (1874) Mary R. Had part of brain exposed (2in diameter) Left side of the brain controlled right side and so on Increased electrical stimulation Body started convulsing, she died four days later David Ferrier (1843-1928) |
|
|
Camille Golgi
|
(1844-1926) Developed a stain of a neuron
|
|
|
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
|
Shared Nobel prize with Camille Golgi 1906
Gap between neurons (synapse) |
|
|
Sir Charles Sherrington
|
(1857-1952) The enchanted loom (quote, the brain waking from sleep)
Neural integration of excitatory and inhibitory messages. Nobel Prize 1932. |
|
|
Mental Chronometry
|
Franciscus Cornelis Donders
(1818-1889) Simple vs choice RT Reaction time varies across individuals |
|
|
Kant
|
No causality
Solved by having inner and outer world Causality occurs in the mind |
|
|
Helmholtz
|
Mechanistic
Measured reaction times in nerve impulses |
|
|
Fechner
|
Ernest Weber
Measuring subjective experience lifted weights Weber measures the smallest difference between two weights necessary to discriminate them from one another or the "just noticeable difference" (jnd) For lifting weights K=3/100 For line length= k 1/100 (99mm line vs. 100mm) →┴Δ R/R=constan R=stimulus Dependent variables: jnd Graph 170 k=1/2 S=klogR Sensation magnitude= k log stimulus intensity |
|
|
The Psychophysical Methods
|
The "classical" psychophysical methods developed by Fechner
Method of adjustment (method of average error) Subject adjusts stimulus Method of limits (method of just not.diff.) Experimenter turn sound up till heard Turn sound down till unheard Method of constant stimulus (method of right & wrong cases) Stimulus presented in random order Absolute and Difference Thresholds |
|
|
Why is Fechner's law important
|
Baseline for psychophysics
Measuring psychological phenomenon through mathematical means |
|
|
Magnitude Estimation and the Power Law
|
S.S. Stevens used the method of Magnitude Estimation to challenge Fechner's laws
Ask the observer to assign a number to the intensity of a stimulus ------------- this line is 10 ------------------------------ what about this one? ---- or this? Stevens Law S=kI^n The larger the electrical shock, the easier to notice the difference |
|
|
Herman Ebbinghaus
|
Inspired by Fechner
Effect of original learning on relearning Effect of passage of time on memory Learned 8 lists of 13 syllables until he could perfectly reproduce them twice Relearned them after varying amounts of time Savings score Original reps-relearning reps ----------------------------------------x100 original reps |
|
|
Wundt
|
Subject matter
Perception (apprehension, automatic) and apperception (focused) Methods Mental chronometry Reaction time Introspection experimental self observation Inner reflection (bad, didn't use) Psychophysical Time sense Sensations and feelings Attributes Duration Qualities Mode Inter** Voluntaristic psychology Couldn't be tested Some processes are mechanical Created Volkapsychogic Physiological psychology The study of immediate experience Mediate vs. immediate Passing time vs. right now Immediate Descriptive: sensation and feeling Inner: apperception Can't measure this because of creative synthesis and psychic psychology Scientific? Not really Ruled out some factors that could be measured (memory etc.) Useful? Did it out of interest, however, it was useful First experimental lab Set the foundation Student of his Kraplen First to bring in schizophrenia Deficiency in sensation (now a cognitive deficit) Kupet Mental set 222 |
|
|
Leipzig
|
Exclusively white male participant
Participant and experimenter were colleagues Observer bias (subject and experimenter constantly changing, standards of observation change) White males being norms (skewed) Wunt was the expert, however, whoever was the experimenter was in charge Very limited subject base (all White males) Mostly observation, no data analysis Sense + perception |
|
|
Clinical-Leipzig
|
Bunch of White French men
Subject: originally applied to corpse (fully under control of the experiment) Subjects were women who already had a doctor-patient relationship Experimenter has a lot of suggestive power over the subject Under the scrutiny of their doctor, doctor knows their medical history (bias) Hypnosis |
|
|
Galton
|
Subjects
Were applicants/clients They were receiving a service First time they tested anyone Participants had to pay for their data to be collected, then they received the results Had a participant pool of 9,000 Relationships 63 Defined identity Experimenter was always experimenter Participants were always participants Participants wanted to know how they compared to everyone else (phrenology) No longer a person, just a "statistic" Sources of error Isolated individuals not social situations Can't just look at the person Superficial relationship could have, and probably did, led/lead to problems (power dynamic) Types of information Eugenics Social planning Wanted to find a norm. |
|
|
Titchener & Wunt
|
Subject: normal male human subjects
Titchener Goals: what the mind is. The elements of consciousness. Purely descriptive. We can only measure what we see. Wunt Goals: Same but explanatory. The hidden cognitive processes explained behavior. Titchener: Methods: introspection. Psychophysics. Had to be highly trained. Wunt Elements: sensations and feelings Titchener Elements: sensations, images, and feelings. Quality, intensity, duration, clearness (no such thing as attention, only clearness) |
|
|
Darwinian Theory of Evolution (functionalist)
|
Darwin emphasized the development of individual influences. Continuity between animals and humans. Emotions, etc.
Animals, children, mentally retarded Learning |
|
|
James
|
Habit Very important
Give in once, you'll give in again James Emotion Emotion a result of physical behavior Perception of physical response is emotion James Free Will Left out of science Science has to be deterministic, indeterminism isn't scientific. For James, psychology does not have all of the answers |
|
|
Hall
|
Functionalists
Adolescents Brought about the term adolescent Children developed the same way mankind developed Girls and boys in separate classes Boys read masculine books and vice versa for girls Had to prepare them for their roles |
|
|
What are the four characteristics in consciousness for James?
|
1) Every 'state' tends to be part of a personal consciousness.
2) Within each personal consciousness states are always changing. 3) Each personal consciousness is sensibly continuous. 4) It is interested in some parts of its object to the exclusion of others, and welcomes or rejects -- chooses from among them, in a word -- all the while. |
|
|
Shields
|
Brain research gender differences
Frontal lobes held intelligence Partial lobes then switched as the harbor of intelligence The bigger the better- men have bigger brains than women, meaning that men were smarter "slender" "soft" "long" partial lobe, female. Thick male Be able to distinguish male and female brain Frontal lobes- men>women Parental instinct Her intelligence was stunted, evolutionarily stunted Variability Natural to be in caring roles, women |
