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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Encoding
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The initial process of recoding information in a form usable to memory.
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Retrieval
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Material in memory storage has to be located and brought into awareness to be useful.
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Memory
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Process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information.
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Three System Memory Theory
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Sensory, short-term, and long term memories.
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Sensory memory
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Initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant.
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Short-term memory
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holds information for 15-25 seconds and stores it according to meaning rather than sensory stimulation.
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Long-term memory
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permanent basis, although may be difficult to retrieve.
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Iconic memory
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visual system. -1 sec.
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Echoic memory
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auditory information 2-3 sec.
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short term memory idea
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if we are to make sense of it and retain it then it goes to short term
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Chunk
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meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored in a unit in short term memory. EX: Phone number. 7 items.
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Rehearsal
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repitition of information that has entered short-term memory.
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ellaboritave rehearsal
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the information that is considered and organized in the same fashion.
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mnemomics
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organizational strategies. Ex: Vegetables for shopping list associate with salad.
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working memory
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set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information.
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serial position effect
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the ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list an item appears.
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primacy effect
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items presented early in a list are remembered best.
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declaritive memory
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memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and the like.
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procedural memory (nondeclaritive memory)
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memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball.
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two types of declaritive memory
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semantic and episodic memory
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semantic memory
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memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic.
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episodic memory
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memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context.
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semantic networks
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mental representations of clusters of interconnected information.
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spreading activation
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recalling one thing which leades to recalling something else.
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engram
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physical memory trace that corresponds to a memory.
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long-term potentiation
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certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being made.
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consolidation
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memories can be fix and stable in long-term memory.
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tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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the inability to recall information that one realizes one knows-result of the difficulty of retrieving info. from long-term memory.
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retrieval cues
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stimulus that allows us to recall mroe easily information that is in long-term memory. PICTURE
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recall
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memory task in which specific info. must be retrieved. Fill in blank test.
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Recognition
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memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives.
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levels of processing theory
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theory of memory that emphasized the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed.
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explicit memory
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intentional or conscious recollection of info.
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implicit memory
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people are not aware, but can affect subsequent behavior
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priming
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a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related info. even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept.
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Flashbulb memory
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memories centered on a specific, important, or surpising even that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event.
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source amnesia
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occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but canot recall where he or she encountered it before.
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constructive processes
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processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events.
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schemas
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organized bodies of info. stored in memory that bias teh way new infor. is interpreted, stored, and recalled.
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autobiographical memories
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our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives.
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decay
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loss of info. in memory through its nonuse.
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memory traces
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physical change in the brain that occurs when new material is learned.
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interference
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phenomenon by which info. in memory disrupts teh recall of the info.
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cue-dependent forgetting
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forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle info. that is in memory.
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proactive interference
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interference in which info. learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material.
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retroactive interference
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interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of info. learned earlier because of later exposure to different material.
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alzheimer's diseasee
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an illness characterized in part by severe memory problems.
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amnesia
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memory loss that occurs without mental difficulties.
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retrograde amnesia
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amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event.
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anterograde amnesia
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amnesia in which memory is lost for evvents that follow an injury
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karsakoff's syndrome
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a disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact, but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story.
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