Openstax Biology - Chapter 9 - Cell Communication

Front 1

apoptosis

Back 1

programmed cell death

Front 2

autocrine signal

Back 2

signal that is sent and received by the same or similar nearby cells

Front 3

autoinducer

Back 3

signaling molecule secreted by bacteria to communicate with other bacteria of its kind and others

Front 4

cell-surface receptor

Back 4

cell-surface protein that transmits a signal from the exterior of the cell to the interior, even though the ligand does not enter the cell

Front 5

chemical synapse

Back 5

small space between axon terminals and dendrites of nerve cells where neurotransmitters function

Front 6

cyclic AMP

Back 6

second messenger that is derived from ATP

Front 7

cyclic AMP-dependent kinase

Back 7

kinase that is activated by binding to cAMP, also known as protein kinase A, or PKA

Front 8

diacylglycerol

Back 8

cleavage product of PIP2 that is used for signaling within the plasma membrane, also known as DAG

Front 9

dimer chemical

Back 9

compound formed when two molecules join together

Front 10

dimerization

Back 10

interaction of two receptor proteins to form a functional complex called a dimer

Front 11

endocrine cell

Back 11

cell that releases ligands involved in endocrine signaling (hormones)

Front 12

endocrine signal

Back 12

long-distance signal that is delivered by ligands (hormones) traveling through an organisms circulatory system from the signaling cell to the target cell

Front 13

enzyme-linked receptor

Back 13

cell-surface receptor with intracellular domains that are associated with membrane-bound enzymes

Front 14

extracellular domain

Back 14

region of a cell-surface receptor that is located on the cell surface G-protein-linked receptor cell-surface receptor that activates membrane-bound G-proteins to transmit a signal from the receptor to nearby membrane components

Front 15

growth factor

Back 15

ligand that binds to cell-surface receptors and stimulates cell growth

Front 16

inhibitor

Back 16

molecule that binds to a protein (usually an enzyme) and keeps it from functioning

Front 17

inositol phospholipid

Back 17

lipid present at small concentrations in the plasma membrane that is converted into a second messenger; it has inositol (a carbohydrate) as its hydrophilic head group

Front 18

inositol triphosphate

Back 18

cleavage product of PIP2 that is used for signaling within the cell; also known as IP3

Front 19

intercellular signaling

Back 19

communication between cells

Front 20

internal receptor

Back 20

receptor protein that is located in the cytosol of a cell and binds to ligands that pass through the plasma membrane; also known as intracellular receptor

Front 21

intracellular mediator

Back 21

small molecule that transmits signals within a cell; also known as second messenger

Front 22

intracellular signaling

Back 22

communication within cells

Front 23

ion channel-linked receptor

Back 23

cell-surface receptor that forms a plasma membrane channel, which opens when a ligand binds to the extracellular domain (ligand-gated channels)

Front 24

kinase

Back 24

enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule

Front 25

ligand

Back 25

molecule produced by a signaling cell that binds with a specific receptor, delivering a signal in the process

Front 26

mating factor

Back 26

signaling molecule secreted by yeast cells to communicate to nearby yeast cells that they are available to mate and communicating their mating orientation

Front 27

neurotransmitter

Back 27

chemical ligand that carries a signal from one nerve cell to the next

Front 28

paracrine signal

Back 28

signal between nearby cells that is delivered by ligands traveling in the liquid medium in the space between the cells

Front 29

phosphatase

Back 29

enzyme that removes the phosphate group from a molecule that has been previously phosphorylated

Front 30

phosphodiesterase

Back 30

enzyme that degrades cAMP, producing AMP, to terminate signaling quorum sensing method of cellular communication used by bacteria that informs them of the abundance of similar (or different) bacteria in the environment

Front 31

receptor

Back 31

protein in or on a target cell that bind to ligands

Front 32

second messenger

Back 32

small, non-protein molecule that propagates a signal within the cell after activation of a receptor causes its release

Front 33

signal integration

Back 33

interaction of signals from two or more different cell-surface receptors that merge to activate the same response in the cell

Front 34

signal transduction

Back 34

propagation of the signal through the cytoplasm (and sometimes also the nucleus) of the cell

Front 35

signaling cell

Back 35

cell that releases signal molecules that allow communication with another cell signaling pathway (also signaling cascade) chain of events that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell to propagate the signal from the plasma membrane to produce a response

Front 36

synaptic signal

Back 36

chemical signal (neurotransmitter) that travels between nerve cells target cell cell that has a receptor for a signal or ligand from a signaling cell