Openstax Biology - Chapter 40 - Circulatory System

Front 1

angina

Back 1

pain caused by partial blockage of the coronary arteries by the buildup of plaque and lack of oxygen to the heart muscle

Front 2

aorta

Back 2

major artery of the body that takes blood away from the heart

Front 3

arteriole

Back 3

small vessel that connects an artery to a capillary bed

Front 4

artery

Back 4

blood vessel that takes blood away from the heart

Front 5

atherosclerosis

Back 5

buildup of fatty plaques in the coronary arteries in the heart

Front 6

atrioventricular valve

Back 6

one-way membranous flap of connective tissue between the atrium and the ventricle in the right side of the heart; also known as tricuspid valve

Front 7

atrium

Back 7

chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and sends blood to the ventricles; plural: atria

Front 8

bicuspid valve

Back 8

one-way membranous flap between the atrium and the ventricle in the left side of the heart; also known as mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve

Front 9

blood pressure

Back 9

pressure of blood in the arteries that helps to push blood through the body; also known as BP

Front 10

capillary

Back 10

smallest blood vessel that allows the passage of individual blood cells and the site of diffusion of oxygen and nutrient exchange

Front 11

capillary bed

Back 11

large number of capillaries that converge to take blood to a particular organ or tissue

Front 12

cardiac cycle

Back 12

filling and emptying the heart of blood by electrical signals that cause the heart muscles to contract and relax

Front 13

cardiac output

Back 13

the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute as a product of heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

Front 14

cardiomyocyte

Back 14

specialized heart muscle cell that is striated but contracts involuntarily like smooth muscle

Front 15

closed circulatory system

Back 15

system in which the blood is separated from the bodily interstitial fluid and contained in blood vessels

Front 16

coronary artery

Back 16

vessel that supplies the heart tissue with blood

Front 17

coronary vein

Back 17

vessel that takes blood away from the heart tissue back to the chambers in the heart

Front 18

diastole

Back 18

relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is relaxed and the ventricles are filling with blood

Front 19

double circulation

Back 19

flow of blood in two circuits: the pulmonary circuit through the lungs and the systemic circuit through the organs and body

Front 20

electrocardiogram

Back 20

recording of the electrical impulses of the cardiac muscle; also known as ECG

Front 21

endocardium

Back 21

innermost layer of tissue in the heart

Front 22

epicardium

Back 22

outermost tissue layer of the heart

Front 23

gill circulation

Back 23

circulatory system that is specific to animals with gills for gas exchange; the blood flows through the gills for oxygenation

Front 24

hemocoel

Back 24

cavity into which blood is pumped in an open circulatory system

Front 25

hemolymph

Back 25

mixture of blood and interstitial fluid that is found in insects and other arthropods as well as most mollusks

Front 26

inferior vena cava

Back 26

drains blood from the veins that come from the lower organs and the legs

Front 27

interstitial fluid

Back 27

fluid between cells

Front 28

lymph node

Back 28

specialized organ that contains a large number of macrophages that clean the lymph before the fluid is returned to the heart

Front 29

myocardial infarction

Back 29

complete blockage of the coronary arteries and death of the cardiac muscle tissue; also known as heart attack

Front 30

myocardium

Back 30

heart muscle cells that make up the middle layer and the bulk of the heart wall

Front 31

open circulatory system

Back 31

system in which the blood is mixed with interstitial fluid and directly covers the organs

Front 32

ostium

Back 32

holes between blood vessels that allow the movement of hemolymph through the body of insects, arthropods, and mollusks with open circulatory systems; plural: ostia

Front 33

pericardium

Back 33

membrane layer protecting the heart; also part of the epicardium

Front 34

peripheral resistance

Back 34

resistance of the artery and blood vessel walls to the pressure placed on them by the force of the heart pumping

Front 35

plasma

Back 35

liquid component of blood that is left after the cells are removed

Front 36

platelet

Back 36

small cellular fragment that collects at wounds, cross-reacts with clotting factors, and forms a plug to prevent blood loss; also known as thrombocyte

Front 37

precapillary sphincter

Back 37

small muscle that controls blood circulation in the capillary beds

Front 38

pulmocutaneous circulation

Back 38

circulatory system in amphibians; the flow of blood to the lungs and the moist skin for gas exchange

Front 39

pulmonary circulation

Back 39

flow of blood away from the heart through the lungs where oxygenation occurs and then returns to the heart again

Front 40

red blood cell

Back 40

small (7–8 μm) biconcave cell without mitochondria (and in mammals without nuclei) that is packed with hemoglobin, giving the cell its red color; transports oxygen through the body

Front 41

semilunar valve

Back 41

membranous flap of connective tissue between the aorta and a ventricle of the heart (the aortic or pulmonary semilunar valves)

Front 42

serum

Back 42

plasma without the coagulation factors

Front 43

sinoatrial node

Back 43

the heart’s internal pacemaker; located near the wall of the right atrium; also known as SA node

Front 44

stroke volume

Back 44

the volume of blood pumped into the aorta per contraction of the left ventricle

Front 45

superior vena cava

Back 45

drains blood from the jugular vein that comes from the brain and from the veins that come from the arms

Front 46

systemic circulation

Back 46

flow of blood away from the heart to the brain, liver, kidneys, stomach, and other organs, the limbs, and the muscles of the body, and then the return of this blood to the heart

Front 47

systole contraction

Back 47

phase of cardiac cycle when the ventricles are pumping blood into the arteries

Front 48

tricuspid valve

Back 48

one-way membranous flap of connective tissue between the atrium and the ventricle in the right side of the heart; also known as atrioventricular valve

Front 49

unidirectional circulation

Back 49

flow of blood in a single circuit; occurs in fish where the blood flows through the gills, then past the organs and the rest of the body, before returning to the heart

Front 50

vasoconstriction

Back 50

narrowing of a blood vessel

Front 51

vasodilation

Back 51

widening of a blood vessel

Front 52

vein

Back 52

blood vessel that brings blood back to the heart

Front 53

vena cava

Back 53

major vein of the body returning blood from the upper and lower parts of the body; see the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

Front 54

ventricle

Back 54

large inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood into arteries

Front 55

venule

Back 55

blood vessel that connects a capillary bed to a vein

Front 56

white blood cell

Back 56

large (30 μm) cell with nuclei of which there are many types with different roles including the protection of the body from viruses and bacteria, and cleaning up dead cells and other waste