Biology Chapter 40 Test: The Immune System

Front 1

Disease

Back 1

Anything (excluding injuries) that disrupts the normal function of the body

Front 2

Causes of disease

Back 2

Abnormal DNA (hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, etc)
Environmental factors (cigarette smoke, UV rays, radiation, chemicals)
Pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protists, worms)

Front 3

Germ Theory developed by:

Back 3

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

Front 4

Koch's Postulates

Back 4

-Pathogens are always in bodies of sick organisms, not in healthy ones
(He isolated pathogen, grew in pure culture)
-Lab culture placed in healthy host will cause same disease

Front 5

Lyme Disease

Back 5

1975- A. Steere identified using Koch's postulates
Caused by tick bite

Front 6

Pathogens cause damage by:

Back 6

Attacking/breaking down tissues
Producing toxins to disrupt metabolism
Removing needed nutrients as parasites
Viruses causing cells to burst

Front 7

Methods of spreading (5)

Back 7

Airborne
Physical touch
Contaminated water/food
Vectors
Sexual contact

Front 8

Antibiotics kill ______ only

Back 8

Bacteria

Front 9

Penicillin discovered by:

Back 9

Alexander Fleming, 1928

Front 10

Antiviral drugs

Back 10

Work on viruses only, inhibit ability to invade cells, target enzymes needed by the virus to replicate

Front 11

1st line of defense: keep pathogens out

Back 11

skin
mucus
stomach
lysozymes

Front 12

2nd line of defense: inflammatory response

Back 12

blood vessels expand-swelling
leukocytes go to infection
macrophages
white blood cell count increases
fever kills heat sensitive pathogens
heart rate and metabolism speed up
interferons produced

Front 13

3rd line of defense: specific response- 3 types

Back 13

Humoral, Cell-mediated, Permanent

Front 14

Humoral Immunity

Back 14

Antibodies bind to pathogens
Blood vessels near wound expand
Macrophages (activate helper T cells)
T cells help activate B cells
Memory B cells create immunity to pathogen

Front 15

Cell Mediated

Back 15

No antibodies
Killer T cells attach to and destroy antigen-marked pathogen cells directly
Used on eukaryotic cells (virus infected host)

Front 16

Permanent Immunity

Back 16

Quick response of memory B and T cells to same pathogen a 2nd time
disease often wiped out in 2-3 days without symptoms

Front 17

Allergy

Back 17

An overreaction of the immune system to a non-harmful antigen

Front 18

Mast cells

Back 18

Immune cells common in nasal region

Front 19

Allergens

Back 19

Bind to mast cells and activate them

Front 20

Histamines

Back 20

Chemicals released by mast cells that produce allergic reactions

Front 21

Asthma

Back 21

Allergic reaction when smooth muscle in the airways contracts, making breathing difficult

Front 22

Autoimmune Disease

Back 22

The body mistakes self from non self and attacks the body's own cells

Front 23

Rheumatic Fever

Back 23

Streptococrus bacteria from strep throat have similar antigens to proteins on cardiac muscle cells, antibodies may attack cardiac muscle- can be treated with antibiotics.

Front 24

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 24

Antibodies attack myelin sheaths of nerves, may be viral. Symptoms = numbness, loss of motor skills, weakness, dizziness, double vision, tremors.

Front 25

Myasthenia gravis

Back 25

Antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions and block acetycholine receptors, symptoms = drooping eyelids, extreme muscle fatigue, paralysis.

Front 26

HIV attacks _________ cells and replicates within _____ cells. Spread by ______ _______ only.

Back 26

Helper T, immune, bodily fluids

Front 27

Tumors

Back 27

Masses of growing cancerous tissue

Front 28

Metastasis

Back 28

Spreading of the malignant tumor

Front 29

Pamage

Back 29

Tumors absorb nutrients needed by other cells, block nerve connections and prevent organ function.

Front 30

Papillomavirus and hepatitis B can cause ______

Back 30

cancer