Openstax Biology - Chapter 34 - Animal Nutrition & Digestive System

Front 1

alimentary canal

Back 1

tubular digestive system with a mouth and anus

Front 2

aminopeptidase

Back 2

protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of small intestine

Front 3

anus

Back 3

exit point for waste material

Front 4

bile

Back 4

digestive juice produced by the liver; important for digestion of lipids

Front 5

bolus

Back 5

mass of food resulting from chewing action and wetting by saliva

Front 6

carboxypeptidase

Back 6

protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of the small intestine

Front 7

carnivore

Back 7

animal that consumes animal flesh

Front 8

cephalic phase

Back 8

first phase of digestion, controlled by the neural response to the stimulus provided by food

Front 9

cholecystokinin

Back 9

hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder to release bile

Front 10

chylomicron

Back 10

small lipid globule

Front 11

chyme

Back 11

mixture of partially digested food and stomach juices

Front 12

chymotrypsin

Back 12

pancreatic protease

Front 13

digestion

Back 13

mechanical and chemical break down of food into small organic fragments

Front 14

dipeptidase

Back 14

protease that breaks down peptides to single amino acids; secreted by the brush border of small intestine

Front 15

duodenum

Back 15

first part of the small intestine where a large part of digestion of carbohydrates and fats occurs

Front 16

elastase

Back 16

pancreatic protease

Front 17

endocrine system

Back 17

system that controls the response of the various glands in the body and the release of hormones at the appropriate times

Front 18

esophagus

Back 18

tubular organ that connects the mouth to the stomach

Front 19

essential nutrient

Back 19

nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body; it must be obtained from food

Front 20

gastric inhibitory peptide

Back 20

hormone secreted by the small intestine in the presence of fatty acids and sugars; it also inhibits acid production and peristalsis in order to slow down the rate at which food enters the small intestine

Front 21

gastric phase

Back 21

digestive phase beginning once food enters the stomach; gastric acids and enzymes process the ingested materials

Front 22

gastrin

Back 22

hormone which stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach

Front 23

gastrovascular cavity

Back 23

digestive system consisting of a single opening

Front 24

herbivore

Back 24

animal that consumes strictly plant diet

Front 25

ileum

Back 25

last part of the small intestine; connects the small intestine to the large intestine; important for absorption of B-12

Front 26

ingestion

Back 26

act of taking in food

Front 27

intestinal phase

Back 27

third digestive phase; begins when chyme enters the small intestine triggering digestive secretions and controlling the rate of gastric emptying

Front 28

jejunum

Back 28

second part of the small intestine

Front 29

lactase

Back 29

enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

Front 30

large intestine

Back 30

digestive system organ that reabsorbs water from undigested material and processes waste matter

Front 31

lipase

Back 31

enzyme that chemically breaks down lipids

Front 32

liver

Back 32

organ that produces bile for digestion and processes vitamins and lipids

Front 33

maltase

Back 33

enzyme that breaks down maltose into glucose

Front 34

mineral

Back 34

inorganic, elemental molecule that carries out important roles in the body

Front 35

monogastric

Back 35

digestive system that consists of a single-chambered stomach

Front 36

omnivore

Back 36

animal that consumes both plants and animals

Front 37

pancreas

Back 37

gland that secretes digestive juices

Front 38

pepsin

Back 38

enzyme found in the stomach whose main role is protein digestion

Front 39

pepsinogen

Back 39

inactive form of pepsin

Front 40

peristalsis

Back 40

wave-like movements of muscle tissue

Front 41

proventriculus

Back 41

glandular part of a bird’s stomach

Front 42

rectum

Back 42

area of the body where feces is stored until elimination

Front 43

roughage

Back 43

component of food that is low in energy and high in fiber

Front 44

ruminant

Back 44

animal with a stomach divided into four compartments

Front 45

salivary amylase

Back 45

enzyme found in saliva, which converts carbohydrates to maltose

Front 46

secretin

Back 46

hormone which stimulates sodium bicarbonate secretion in the small intestine

Front 47

small intestine

Back 47

organ where digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates is completed

Front 48

somatostatin

Back 48

hormone released to stop acid secretion when the stomach is empty

Front 49

sphincter

Back 49

band of muscle that controls movement of materials throughout the digestive tract

Front 50

stomach

Back 50

saclike organ containing acidic digestive juices

Front 51

sucrase

Back 51

enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose

Front 52

trypsin

Back 52

pancreatic protease that breaks down protein

Front 53

villi

Back 53

folds on the inner surface of the small intestine whose role is to increase absorption area

Front 54

vitamin

Back 54

organic substance necessary in small amounts to sustain life

Front 55

gizzard

Back 55

muscular organ that grinds food

Front 56

gallbladder

Back 56

organ that stores and concentrates bile