Ch. 34 Digestive System

Front 1

Function of the Digestive System

Back 1

Physically and Chemically breakdown of food; Absorb nutrients and eliminate waste

Front 2

Evolution of Digestive System

Back 2

Intracellular-> Gastrovascular Cavity-> Complete Digestive System

Front 3

Intracellular (Porifera)

Back 3

Collar Cells-> Endocytosis of food in vacuole
Food vacuole and Lysosome (Digestive Enzymes)
Digestion of food-> Exocytosis of waste

Front 4

Gastrovascular Cavity (Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes)

Back 4

Have One opening; Food into Gastrovascular Cavity-> Digestive enzymes secreted
Digestion of food-> absorb nutrients
Waste out

Front 5

Complete Digestive System (Nematoda, Annelida, Molluska, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata)

Back 5

Has two openings: mouth and anus

Front 6

Ruminant (cows, goats, sheep, camel)

Back 6

Rumen (cows store 150 L) stomach full of microorganisms; they are key for digestion; to break down cellulose into glucose

Front 7

Cellulose

Back 7

polysaccharide present in the cell walls of plants

Front 8

Birds

Back 8

Do not have teeth; need a crop and a gizzard

Front 9

Crop

Back 9

stores food and moistens it

Front 10

Gizzard

Back 10

has sand and rocks to physically breakdown food

Front 11

Length of Intestine

Back 11

Herbivore- long
Carnivore- short
the harder the material is to breakdown the longer the intestinal tract

Front 12

Pathway of Human Digestive System

Back 12

Oral Cavity-> Pharynx-> Esophagus-> Stomach-> Small Intestine-> Large Intestine

Front 13

Teeth

Back 13

responsible for the physical breakdown of food

Front 14

Saliva

Back 14

Lubricates food; The enzyme Amylase takes starch which is a polysaccharide and makes it into a disaccharide

Front 15

Pharynx

Back 15

Muscular cavity (throat)

Front 16

Esophagus

Back 16

Muscular long tube that leads to the stomach; Peristalsis helps move the food along with rhythmic waves of muscle contraction

Front 17

Epiglottis

Back 17

prevents food from going to the larynx

Front 18

Stomach

Back 18

lots of muscle layers, a muscular compartment with folds (2-4 liters of expansion)

Front 19

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

Back 19

prevents materials from going up the esophagus

Front 20

Pyloric Sphincter

Back 20

controls movement of chyme into the small intestine

Front 21

3 Functions of the Stomach

Back 21

Physical Breakdown, Chemical Breakdown, Storage of Food

Front 22

Stomach- Physical Breakdown

Back 22

growling stomach means stomach is churning the food

Front 23

Stomach- Chemical Breakdown

Back 23

Gastrin, Helicobacter pylori, Pepsinogen, Protease

Front 24

Gastrin

Back 24

A hormone that generates HCl in order to decrease the pH (pH1)
Cells in the stomach produce mucus for protection
Body replaces the lining of the stomach every 3 days

Front 25

Helicobacter pylori

Back 25

A bacteria that causes ulcers which breakdown and eat away at the stomach wall

Front 26

Pepsinogen

Back 26

breaks down into Pepsin (low pH); takes proteins and breaks them into peptides

Front 27

Protease

Back 27

breaks down proteins; waits until reaches middle where the pH is low, this way it won't breakdown the muscle of the stomach

Front 28

Chyme

Back 28

storage of food; every 20 seconds 1 teaspoon of food is released into the small intestine

Front 29

Small Intestine

Back 29

Dvodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Front 30

Chemical Breakdown of Small Intestine- 1

Back 30

Liver produces Bile
Gallbladder stores Bile
Bile Salts emulsify fats (lipids, triglycerides)
Occurs in the Small Intestine

Front 31

Chemical Breakdown of the Small Intestine- 2

Back 31

Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine (1 Liter per day) sodium bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, proteases, lipases

Front 32

Sodium Bicarbonate

Back 32

helps neutralize chyme to increase pH (basic)

Front 33

Pancreatic Amylase

Back 33

breaks down the polysaccharide starch into disaccharides

Front 34

Proteases

Back 34

breakdown proteins into peptides
ex: tripsin, chymotripsin

Front 35

Lipases

Back 35

breakdown lipids (triglycerides)
Triglycerides- glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Front 36

Chemical Breakdown of the Small Intestine- 3

Back 36

Small Intestine will secrete enzyme that aid in digestion

Front 37

Emzymes secreted by the Small intestine

Back 37

Peptidases, Nucleases, Disacc-> Monosacc

Front 38

Peptidades

Back 38

Peptides-> Single Amino Acids
Left- Aminopeptides
Right- Carboxypeptides

Front 39

Nucleases

Back 39

Nucleic Acids(DNA or RNA)-> Nucleotides

Front 40

Small Intestine- Absorption of Nutrients

Back 40

10ft by 1 inch; 600x more surface area from folds

Front 41

Peristalsis and Segmentation

Back 41

Rhythmic muscle contraction and sloshes food back and forth to absorb as much food as possible

Front 42

Large Intestine

Back 42

Colon and Rectum; 5ft by 3in; has LOTS of bacteria; absorb water; fiber important for diet

Front 43

Bacteria in the Large Intestine produce

Back 43

Vitamin B12, K, Riboflavin, Thiamin

1/3 of dry weight of poooop