Openstax Biology - Chapter 39 - Respiratory System

Front 1

alveolar PO2

Back 1

partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli (usually around 100 mmHg)

Front 2

alveolar duct

Back 2

duct that extends from the terminal bronchiole to the alveolar sac

Front 3

alveolar sac

Back 3

structure consisting of two or more alveoli that share a common opening

Front 4

alveolar ventilation

Back 4

how much air is in the alveoli

Front 5

alveolus

Back 5

terminal region of the lung where gas exchange occurs; also known as air sac

Front 6

anatomical dead space

Back 6

region of the lung that lacks proper ventilation/perfusion due to an anatomical block; also known as anatomical shunt

Front 7

bicarbonate ion

Back 7

ion created when carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and (HCO−3); also known as HCO3

Front 8

bicarbonate buffer system

Back 8

system in the blood that absorbs carbon dioxide and regulates pH levels

Front 9

bronchiole

Back 9

airway that extends from the main tertiary bronchi to the alveolar sac

Front 10

bronchus

Back 10

smaller branch of cartilaginous tissue that stems off of the trachea; air is funneled through the bronchi to the region where gas exchange occurs in alveoli; plural = bronchi

Front 11

carbaminohemoglobin

Back 11

molecule that forms when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin

Front 12

carbonic anhydrase

Back 12

enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid; also known as CA

Front 13

chloride shift

Back 13

exchange of chloride for bicarbonate into or out of the red blood cell

Front 14

compliance

Back 14

measurement of the elasticity of the lung

Front 15

dead space

Back 15

area in the lung that lacks proper ventilation or perfusion

Front 16

diaphragm

Back 16

domed-shaped skeletal muscle located under lungs that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

Front 17

elastic recoil

Back 17

property of the lung that drives the lung tissue inward

Front 18

elastic work

Back 18

work conducted by the intercostal muscles, chest wall, and diaphragm

Front 19

expiratory reserve volume

Back 19

amount of additional air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation; also known as ERV

Front 20

FEV1/FVC ratio

Back 20

ratio of how much air can be forced out of the lung in one second to the total amount that is forced out of the lung; a measurement of lung function that can be used to detect disease states

Front 21

flow-resistive

Back 21

work of breathing performed by the alveoli and tissues in the lung

Front 22

forced expiratory volume

Back 22

measure of how much air can be forced out of the lung from maximal inspiration over a specific amount of time; also known as FEV or forced vital capacity

Front 23

functional residual capacity

Back 23

expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume; also known as FRC

Front 24

functional vital capacity

Back 24

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible; also known as FVC

Front 25

heme group

Back 25

centralized iron-containing group that is surrounded by the alpha and beta subunits of hemoglobin

Front 26

hemoglobin

Back 26

molecule in red blood cells that can bind oxygen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide

Front 27

inspiratory capacity

Back 27

tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume; also known as IC

Front 28

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 28

amount of additional air that can be inspired after a normal inhalation; also known as IRV

Front 29

intercostal muscle

Back 29

muscle connected to the rib cage that contracts upon inspiration

Front 30

intrapleural space

Back 30

space between the layers of pleura

Front 31

larynx

Back 31

voice box, a short passageway connecting the pharynx and the trachea

Front 32

lung capacity

Back 32

measurement of two or more lung volumes (how much air can be inhaled from the end of an expiration to maximal capacity)

Front 33

lung volume

Back 33

measurement of air for one lung function (normal inhalation or exhalation)

Front 34

mucin complex

Back 34

glycoprotein found in mucus

Front 35

mucus

Back 35

sticky protein-containing fluid secretion in the lung that traps particulate matter to be expelled from the body

Front 36

nasal cavity

Back 36

opening of the respiratory system to the outside environment

Front 37

obstructive disease

Back 37

disease (such as emphysema and asthma) that arises from obstruction of the airways; compliance increases in these diseases

Front 38

oxygen dissociation curve

Back 38

curve depicting the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin

Front 39

oxygen-carrying capacity

Back 39

amount of oxygen that can be transported in the blood

Front 40

partial pressure

Back 40

amount of pressure exerted by one gas within a mixture of gases

Front 41

particulate matter

Back 41

small particles such as dust, dirt, viral particles, and bacteria that are in the air

Front 42

pharynx

Back 42

throat; a tube that starts in the internal nares and runs partway down the neck, where it opens into the esophagus and the larynx

Front 43

physiological dead space

Back 43

region of the lung that lacks proper ventilation/perfusion due to a physiological change in the lung (like inflammation or edema); also known as physiological shunt

Front 44

pleura

Back 44

tissue layer that surrounds the lungs and lines the interior of the thoracic cavity

Front 45

pleurisy

Back 45

painful inflammation of the pleural tissue layers

Front 46

primary bronchus

Back 46

region of the airway within the lung that attaches to the trachea and bifurcates to each lung where it branches into secondary bronchi; also known as main bronchus

Front 47

recruitment

Back 47

process of opening airways that normally remain closed when the cardiac output increases

Front 48

residual volume

Back 48

amount of air remaining in the lung after a maximal expiration; also known as RV

Front 49

resistance

Back 49

measurement of lung obstruction

Front 50

respiratory bronchiole

Back 50

terminal portion of the bronchiole tree that is attached to the terminal bronchioles and alveoli ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

Front 51

respiratory distress syndrome

Back 51

disease that arises from a deficient amount of surfactant

Front 52

respiratory quotient

Back 52

ratio of carbon dioxide production to each oxygen molecule consumed; also known as RQ

Front 53

respiratory rate

Back 53

number of breaths per minute

Front 54

restrictive disease

Back 54

disease that results from a restriction and decreased compliance of the alveoli; respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary fibrosis are examples

Front 55

sickle cell anemia

Back 55

genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells, and their ability to transport oxygen and move through capillaries

Front 56

spirometry

Back 56

method to measure lung volumes and to diagnose lung diseases

Front 57

surfactant

Back 57

detergent-like liquid in the airways that lowers the surface tension of the alveoli to allow for expansion

Front 58

terminal bronchiole

Back 58

region of bronchiole that attaches to the respiratory bronchioles

Front 59

thalassemia

Back 59

rare genetic disorder that results in mutation of the alpha or beta subunits of hemoglobin, creating smaller red blood cells with less hemoglobin

Front 60

tidal volume

Back 60

amount of air that is inspired and expired during normal breathing; also known as TV

Front 61

total lung capacity

Back 61

sum of the residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume; also known as TLC

Front 62

trachea

Back 62

cartilaginous tube that transports air from the larynx to the primary bronchi

Front 63

venous PCO2

Back 63

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the veins (40 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins)

Front 64

venous PO2

Back 64

partial pressure of oxygen in the veins (100 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins)

Front 65

ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch

Back 65

region of the lung that lacks proper alveolar ventilation (V) and/or arterial perfusion (Q)

Front 66

vital capacity

Back 66

sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume; also known as VC