Openstax Biology - Chapter 10 - Cell Reproduction

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anaphase

Back 1

stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other

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binary fission

Back 2

prokaryotic cell division process

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cell cycle

Back 3

ordered sequence of events that a cell passes through involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells

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cell cycle checkpoint

Back 4

mechanism that monitors the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell cycle stages

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cell plate

Back 5

structure formed during plant cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure (phragmoplast) and fusing at the metaphase plate; ultimately leads to the formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells

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centriole

Back 6

rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome centromere region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes

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chromatid

Back 7

single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere

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cleavage furrow

Back 8

constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that leads to cytoplasmic division

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condensin

Back 9

proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase

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cyclin

Back 10

one of a group of proteins that act in conjunction with cyclin-dependent kinases to help regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating key proteins; the concentrations of cyclins fluctuate throughout the cell cycle

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cyclin-dependent kinase

Back 11

one of a group of protein kinases that helps to regulate the cell cycle when bound to cyclin; it functions to phosphorylate other proteins that are either activated or inactivated by phosphorylation

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cytokinesis

Back 12

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells

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diploid

Back 13

cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

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FtsZ

Back 14

tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)

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G0

Back 15

phase distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide

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G1 phase

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first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis; also known as first gap

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G2 phase

Back 17

third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis; also second gap

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gamete

Back 18

haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)

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gene

Back 19

physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

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genome

Back 20

total genetic information of a cell or organism

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haploid

Back 21

cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

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histone

Back 22

one of several similar, highly conserved, low molecular weight, basic proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes

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interphase

Back 23

period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions

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karyokinesis

Back 24

mitotic nuclear division

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kinetochore

Back 25

protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase

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locus

Back 26

position of a gene on a chromosome

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metaphase

Back 27

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

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metaphase plate

Back 28

equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase

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mitosis

Back 29

period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; also known as karyokinesis

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mitotic phase

Back 30

period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis

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mitotic spindle

Back 31

apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

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nucleosome

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subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

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oncogene

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mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle origin (also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins (origin of replication)

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p21

Back 34

cell cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53

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p53

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cell cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis

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prometaphase

Back 36

stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

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prophase

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stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form

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proto-oncogene

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normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene

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quiescent

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refers to a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division

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retinoblastoma protein

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regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interacting with a transcription factor (E2F); also known as Rb

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S phase

Back 41

second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs

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septum

Back 42

structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells

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telophase

Back 43

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope

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tumor suppressor gene

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segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division

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homologous chromosomes

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chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the samelocation; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with eachhomolog derived from a different parent