Openstax Biology - Chapter 38 - Musculoskeletal System

Front 1

abduction

Back 1

when a bone moves away from the midline of the body

Front 2

acetylcholinesterase

Back 2

enzyme that breaks down ACh into acetyl and choline; also known as ACHE

Front 3

actin

Back 3

globular contractile protein that interacts with myosin for muscle contraction

Front 4

adduction

Back 4

movement of the limbs inward after abduction

Front 5

amphiarthrosis

Back 5

joint that allows slight movement; includes syndesmoses and symphyses

Front 6

angular movement

Back 6

produced when the angle between the bones of a joint changes

Front 7

appendicular skeleton

Back 7

composed of the bones of the upper limbs, which function to grasp and manipulate objects, and the lower limbs, which permit locomotion

Front 8

appositional growth

Back 8

increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bone tissue at the surface of bones

Front 9

articulation

Back 9

any place where two bones are joined

Front 10

auditory ossicle

Back 10

transduces sounds from the air into vibrations in the fluid-filled cochlea;; also known as middle ear

Front 11

axial skeleton

Back 11

forms the central axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage (ribcage)

Front 12

ball-and-socket joint

Back 12

joint with a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cuplike socket of another bone

Front 13

bone

Back 13

connective tissue that constitutes the endoskeleton; also known as osseous tissue

Front 14

bone remodeling

Back 14

replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

Front 15

calcification

Back 15

process of deposition of mineral salts in the collagen fiber matrix that crystallizes and hardens the tissue

Front 16

cardiac muscle tissue

Back 16

muscle tissue found only in the heart; cardiac contractions pump blood throughout the body and maintain blood pressure

Front 17

carpus

Back 17

eight bones that comprise the wrist

Front 18

cartilaginous joint

Back 18

joint in which the bones are connected by cartilage

Front 19

circumduction

Back 19

movement of a limb in a circular motion

Front 20

clavicle

Back 20

S-shaped bone that positions the arms laterally

Front 21

compact bone

Back 21

forms the hard external layer of all bones

Front 22

condyloid joint

Back 22

oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similarly oval-shaped hollow of another bone

Front 23

coxal bone

Back 23

hip bone

Front 24

cranial bone

Back 24

one of eight bones that form the cranial cavity that encloses the brain and serves as an attachment site for the muscles of the head and neck

Front 25

depression

Back 25

movement downward of a bone, such as after the shoulders are shrugged and the scapulae return to their normal position from an elevated position; opposite of elevation

Front 26

diaphysis

Back 26

central shaft of bone, contains bone marrow in a marrow cavity

Front 27

diarthrosis

Back 27

joint that allows for free movement of the joint; found in synovial joints

Front 28

dorsiflexion

Back 28

bending at the ankle such that the toes are lifted toward the knee

Front 29

elevation

Back 29

movement of a bone upward, such as when the shoulders are shrugged, lifting the scapulae

Front 30

endochondral ossification

Back 30

process of bone development from hyaline cartilage

Front 31

endoskeleton

Back 31

skeleton of living cells that produce a hard, mineralized tissue located within the soft tissue of organisms

Front 32

epiphyseal plate

Back 32

region between the diaphysis and epiphysis that is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones

Front 33

epiphysis

Back 33

rounded end of bone, covered with articular cartilage and filled with red bone marrow, which produces blood cells

Front 34

eversion

Back 34

movement of the sole of the foot outward, away from the midline of the body; opposite of inversion

Front 35

exoskeleton

Back 35

a secreted cellular product; external skeleton that consists of a hard encasement on the surface of an organism

Front 36

extension

Back 36

movement in which the angle between the bones of a joint increases; opposite of flexion

Front 37

facial bone

Back 37

one of the 14 bones that form the face; provides cavities for the sense organs (eyes, mouth, and nose) and attachment points for facial muscles

Front 38

femur

Back 38

longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body; also known as thighbone

Front 39

fibrous joint

Back 39

joint held together by fibrous connective tissue

Front 40

flat bone

Back 40

thin and relatively broad bone found where extensive protection of organs is required or where broad surfaces of muscle attachment are required

Front 41

flexion

Back 41

movement in which the angle between the bones decreases; opposite of extension

Front 42

forearm

Back 42

extends from the elbow to the wrist and consists of two bones: the ulna and the radius

Front 43

gliding movement

Back 43

when relatively flat bone surfaces move past each other

Front 44

gomphosis

Back 44

the joint in which the tooth fits into the socket like a peg

Front 45

Haversian canal

Back 45

contains the bone’s blood vessels and nerve fibers

Front 46

hinge joint

Back 46

slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of the other bone

Front 47

humerus

Back 47

only bone of the arm

Front 48

hydrostatic skeleton

Back 48

skeleton that consists of aqueous fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment

Front 49

hyoid bone

Back 49

lies below the mandible in the front of the neck

Front 50

hyperextension

Back 50

extension past the regular anatomical position

Front 51

intervertebral disc

Back 51

composed of fibrous cartilage; lies between adjacent vertebrae from the second cervical vertebra to the sacrum

Front 52

intramembranous ossification

Back 52

process of bone development from fibrous membranes

Front 53

irregular bone

Back 53

bone with complex shapes; examples include vertebrae and hip bones

Front 54

lamella

Back 54

layer of compact tissue that surrounds a central canal called the Haversian canal

Front 55

lateral rotation

Back 55

rotation away from the midline of the body

Front 56

long bone

Back 56

bone that is longer than wide, and has a shaft and two ends

Front 57

lower limb

Back 57

consists of the thigh, the leg, and the foot

Front 58

medial rotation

Back 58

rotation toward the midline of the body

Front 59

metacarpus

Back 59

five bones that comprise the palm

Front 60

metatarsal

Back 60

one of the five bones of the foot

Front 61

motor end plate

Back 61

sarcolemma of the muscle fiber that interacts with the neuron

Front 62

myofibril

Back 62

long cylindrical structures that lie parallel to the muscle fiber

Front 63

myofilament

Back 63

small structures that make up myofibrils

Front 64

myosin

Back 64

contractile protein that interacts with actin for muscle contraction

Front 65

opposition

Back 65

movement of the thumb toward the fingers of the same hand, making it possible to grasp and hold objects

Front 66

ossification

Back 66

process of bone formation by osteoblasts; also known as osteogenesis

Front 67

osteoblast

Back 67

bone cell responsible for bone formation

Front 68

osteoclast

Back 68

large bone cells with up to 50 nuclei, responsible for bone remodeling

Front 69

osteocyte

Back 69

mature bone cells and the main cell in bone tissue

Front 70

osteon

Back 70

cylindrical structure aligned parallel to the long axis of the bone

Front 71

patella

Back 71

triangular bone that lies anterior to the knee joint; also known as kneecap

Front 72

pectoral girdle

Back 72

bones that transmit the force generated by the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

Front 73

pelvic girdle

Back 73

bones that transmit the force generated by the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

Front 74

phalange

Back 74

one of the bones of the fingers or toes

Front 75

pivot joint

Back 75

joint with the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone

Front 76

planar joint

Back 76

joint with bones whose articulating surfaces are flat

Front 77

plantar flexion

Back 77

bending at the ankle such that the heel is lifted, such as when standing on the toes

Front 78

pronation

Back 78

movement in which the palm faces backward

Front 79

protraction

Back 79

anterior movement of a bone in the horizontal plane

Front 80

radius

Back 80

bone located along the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm; articulates with the humerus at the elbow

Front 81

resorption

Back 81

process by which osteoclasts release minerals stored in bones

Front 82

retraction

Back 82

movement in which a joint moves back into position after protraction

Front 83

rib

Back 83

one of 12 pairs of long, curved bones that attach to the thoracic vertebrae and curve toward the front of the body to form the ribcage

Front 84

rotational movement

Back 84

movement of a bone as it rotates around its own longitudinal axis

Front 85

saddle joint

Back 85

joint with concave and convex portions that fit together; named because the ends of each bone resemble a saddle

Front 86

sarcolemma

Back 86

plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber

Front 87

sarcomere

Back 87

functional unit of skeletal muscle

Front 88

scapula

Back 88

flat, triangular bone located at the posterior pectoral girdle

Front 89

sesamoid bone

Back 89

small, flat bone shaped like a sesame seed; develops inside tendons

Front 90

short bone

Back 90

bone that has the same width and length, giving it a cube-like shape

Front 91

skeletal muscle tissue

Back 91

forms skeletal muscles, which attach to bones and control locomotion and any movement that can be consciously controlled

Front 92

skull

Back 92

bone that supports the structures of the face and protects the brain

Front 93

smooth muscle tissue

Back 93

occurs in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines, stomach, and urinary bladder, and around passages such as the respiratory tract and blood vessels

Front 94

spongy bone tissue

Back 94

forms the inner layer of all bones

Front 95

sternum

Back 95

long, flat bone located at the front of the chest; also known as breastbone

Front 96

supination

Back 96

movement of the radius and ulna bones of the forearm so that the palm faces forward

Front 97

suture

Back 97

short fiber of connective tissue that holds the skull bones tightly in place; found only in the skull

Front 98

suture bone

Back 98

small, flat, irregularly shaped bone that forms between the flat bones of the cranium

Front 99

symphysis

Back 99

hyaline cartilage covers the end of the bone, but the connection between bones occurs through fibrocartilage; symphyses are found at the joints between vertebrae

Front 100

synarthrosis

Back 100

joint that is immovable

Front 101

synchondrosis

Back 101

bones joined by hyaline cartilage; synchondroses are found in the epiphyseal plates of growing bones in children

Front 102

syndesmosis

Back 102

joint in which the bones are connected by a band of connective tissue, allowing for more movement than in a suture

Front 103

synovial joint

Back 103

only joint that has a space between the adjoining bones

Front 104

tarsal

Back 104

one of the seven bones of the ankle

Front 105

thick filament

Back 105

a group of myosin molecules

Front 106

thin filament

Back 106

two polymers of actin wound together along with tropomyosin and troponin

Front 107

thoracic cage

Back 107

skeleton of the chest, which consists of the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilages; also known as ribcage

Front 108

tibia

Back 108

large bone of the leg that is located directly below the knee; also known as shinbone

Front 109

trabeculae

Back 109

lamellae that are arranged as rods or plates

Front 110

tropomyosin

Back 110

acts to block myosin binding sites on actin molecules, preventing cross-bridge formation and preventing contraction until a muscle receives a neuron signal

Front 111

troponin

Back 111

binds to tropomyosin and helps to position it on the actin molecule, and also binds calcium ions

Front 112

ulna

Back 112

bone located on the medial aspect (pinky-finger side) of the forearm

Front 113

vertebral column

Back 113

surrounds and protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and acts as an attachment point for ribs and muscles of the back and neck; also known as spine

Front 114

joint

Back 114

point at which two or more bones meet

Front 115

inversion

Back 115

soles of the feet moving inward, toward the midline of the body