Microbiology Exam 2

Front 1

Proteins that form pores that allow a lot to come into bacteria

Back 1

Porins

Front 2

Large outer molecules outside Gram (-) with many sugars facing outwards

Back 2

LPS (Lipopolysaccharide)

Front 3

What does LPS stand for?

Back 3

Lipopolysaccharide

Front 4

What is another name for endotoxin?

Back 4

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Front 5

What is another name for Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)?

Back 5

Endotoxin

Front 6

What is endotoxin?

Back 6

The outer part of bacteria that is toxic

Front 7

What is exotoxin?

Back 7

Bacteria produced toxins that get exported

Front 8

What is Lipid A?

Back 8

Lipid A is the lipid portion of the toxic parts of bacteria that are the toxins

Front 9

Toxic parts of Gram (+) bacteria on outer part of cell

Back 9

Teichoic acid

Front 10

Teichoic acid that berrows deep into plasma membrane

Back 10

Lipoteichoic acid

Front 11

Part of LPS that connects to Lipid A

Back 11

Corepolysacchirde

Front 12

Similarities of Corepolysacchrides

Back 12

They are simular between members of the same species

Front 13

What is O-spesfic polysacchide?

Back 13

Part of LPS that is connected to core, will be different in each strain

Front 14

What do scientists use to determine the strain of Gram (-) bacteria?

Back 14

O-spesfic polysacchides

Front 15

Is O-spesfic polysacchides the toxic part of Gram (-) bacteria?

Back 15

Nope! It is just distingushes different strains, the internal stuff is what determines if it is toxic or not

Front 16

Layer of polysacchride secreted by bacteria that forms shell

Back 16

Capsule/slime layer

Front 17

Main characteristic(s) of Capsule/slime layer?

Back 17

very slippery

Front 18

What are the benefits of Capsule/Slime Layer?

Back 18

*Aids in attachment to surfaces

*Decreases hos phagocytosis

Front 19

Protein extentions that extend from bacteria cell

Back 19

Fimbriae/pili

Front 20

What are fimbriea/pili used for?

Back 20

Used just for attachment (surfaces or cells)

Front 21

"bodies" or "groups" of molecules in cells

Back 21

Inclusions/Inclusion bodies

Front 22

What is inclusions/inclusion bodies main purpose?

Back 22

Used to store energy (majority of the time)

Front 23

What are inclusions/inclusion bodies made up of?

Back 23

Variety of insoluable compounds (just clumped together)

Front 24

Hollow "cages" made of protein

Back 24

Gas vesicles

Front 25

What are gas vesicles used for?

Back 25

*Hold gases

*Mainly used for gas exchange

Front 26

What type of organisms would most likely have gas vesicles?

Back 26

*Phototrophs as there is a lot of gas exchange involved in photosyentsis

*Also used as boncy system for phototrophs in water

Front 27

Internal structures used to protect DNA from drying out

Back 27

Endospores

Front 28

Cell not currently making spores

Back 28

Vegetative cell

Front 29

Sporulation

Back 29

Process of making spores

Front 30

Can you see spores under the microscope?

Back 30

Yes, only if you do a spore stain however

Front 31

When mature spore goes back to cell because of better enrivomental conditions

Back 31

Germination

Front 32

What "reactivates" a spore?

Back 32

When it gets moist

Front 33

Can you kill spores?

Back 33

Yes, only through use of an autoclave. High pressure and high heat

Front 34

Protein structures that extended from bacteria for mobility

Back 34

Flagella

Front 35

What are flagella mainly used for?

Back 35

Swimming

Front 36

What is the protein that makes up flagella called?

Back 36

flagellin

Front 37

What is the energy that spins the motor for flagella to work called?

Back 37

Protonmotive force

Front 38

What is another name for the protonmotive force?

Back 38

Proton Gradient

Front 39

Can Flagella be seen under the microscope?

Back 39

NOPE!

Front 40

Unit of DNA that codes for something

Back 40

Gene

Front 41

What is the difference in genes between prokaryotes and eurkaryotes?

Back 41

In prokaryotes most of DNA are genes, however in eurkaryotes only parts of DNA are genes (lots of junk)

Front 42

Genes that are expressed all the time

Back 42

Constitutive expression

Front 43

Genes that are turned on and off

Back 43

Regulated expression

Front 44

What is the most common form of regulated expression?

Back 44

transcription initated

Front 45

What is DNA and RNA made up of?

Back 45

Nucleic acid

Front 46

What is Nucleic acid made up of?

Back 46

Nuclotides

Front 47

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Back 47

*5 carbon sugar (ribose)

*1+ phosphate ion(s)

*Nitrogen rich base

Front 48

Enzyme that catalyzes transcription

Back 48

RNA polymerase (RNAP)

Front 49

What does RNAP stand for?

Back 49

RNA polymerase

Front 50

What is the main part that binds in RNAP?

Back 50

Core enzyme

Front 51

Part of the RNAP that recognizes promoter region

Back 51

Sigma factor

Front 52

DNA sequence that stops transcription

Back 52

Termination sequence

Front 53

Site where nuclotide is first transcribed

Back 53

+1 site

Front 54

T/F: Gene always starts at +1 site

Back 54

False! Gene might start earlier, but transcription starts at +1 site

Front 55

How do you name the nuclotides that come before the +1 site?

Back 55

count backwards from the +1 site.

-#

Front 56

What is the typical site where RNAP binds to DNA sequence?

Back 56

-35 and -10

Front 57

What do the nuclotides between -35 and -10 do?

Back 57

Nothing, they are just filler, they don't matter! It is the distance that matters!

Front 58

Part of gene that reappears often, most common within all variations of that gene

Back 58

Consensus sequence

Front 59

Do all bacteria have the same sigma factors?

Back 59

Nope!

Front 60

Do all bacteria have the same promoter regions?

Back 60

NOPE!

Front 61

Most proyartoic genes can be transcribed by what?

Back 61

Sigma 70

Front 62

What are the two types of prokaryotic termination sequences?

Back 62

*Rho dependent

*Rho independent

Front 63

What is Rho dependent termination?

Back 63

Once "stop" code is read, Rho binds to RNA and breaks everything apart

Front 64

What is Rho independent termination?

Back 64

Sequence of continuous U's that causes that transcript to fold up and base pair. Loop formed causes transciption to become unstable and things break apart

Front 65

Followed by U's that cause it to be destablized and stop transciption

Back 65

Stem-Loop

Front 66

What is stronger/more stable? A-U or G-C and why?

Back 66

G-C as it has three hydrogen bonds compared to A-U which only has two

Front 67

Prokaryotes vs Eurkaryotes in location of transcription and translation

Back 67

In Eur transcription needs to leave nulecus before translation can happen, as where in Pro both happen in same place and thus can happen simintanously

Front 68

Set of genes who's products are need for some related function

Back 68

Operon

Front 69

Who has operons?

Back 69

Only Prokaryotes

Front 70

What are the characteristics of operons?

Back 70

They are all togeter, one promoter, multiple termination sequences (doesn't stop there though) and one transcript

Front 71

What is negitive regulation in terms of transciption?

Back 71

A protein binds to -35 and -10 area (or anywhere near it) to prevent RNAP from binding there

Front 72

What is positive regulation in terms of transcription?

Back 72

Certain molecules that cause RNAP to bind better and quicker (attracts RNAP)

Front 73

What is made from the arg operon?

Back 73

arginine

Front 74

What are the three genes in the arg operon in order?

Back 74

ArgC ArgB ArgH

Front 75

What type of regulation is the arg operon under?

Back 75

Negative regulation

Front 76

What is the corepressor in the arg operon?

Back 76

arginine

Front 77

Describe how the arg operon works

Back 77

The default position is represser not bound. Once there is enough arginine to activate the repressor protein the repressor binds to the operator to repress

Front 78

When and how did we first learn that genes could be regulated?

Back 78

By examining mutated lac operon funtions in teh 1950's

Front 79

Codes the represser protein for the lac operon

Back 79

Lac I

Front 80

Where is Lac I located?

Back 80

Away from lac operon

Front 81

What type of regulation does the lac operon use?

Back 81

Negative and positive

Front 82

Site where activator binds to increase RNAP binding

Back 82

Activator Protein Binding Site

Front 83

Where is the activator protein binding site?

Back 83

In front of the the promoter region

Front 84

What does the lac operon code for?

Back 84

Codes products needed for lactose catabolism

Front 85

Explain how to Lac operon works.

Back 85

The default position is the represser bound to the opertator. Once there is enough glucose, the glucose interacts with the repressor protein case it to remove repressor. If the gene is being expressed and there is low glucose levels then the activator protein is created and binds to activtor to increase RNAP binding

Front 86

What is the de-repressor in the lac operon?

Back 86

lactose

Front 87

What is the inducer in the lac operon?

Back 87

lactose

Front 88

What is another name for de-repressor?

Back 88

inducer

Front 89

When glucose levels are low then...

Back 89

cell energy is low (low ATP), which means high ADP and AMP, which means high cAMP

Front 90

How is the lac operon activated?

Back 90

When there are high cAMP levels the cAMP will bind to the activator protein telling it to bind the the activator protein binding site

Front 91

What is the activator protein in the lac operon called?

Back 91

CRP (cAMP receptor protein) or CAP

Front 92

What does CRP stand for?

Back 92

cAMP receptor protein

Front 93

What is CAP?

Back 93

Another name for the activator protein in the lac operon

Front 94

set of operons under same regulation

Back 94

Regulon

Front 95

What is implied of the operons in a regulon?

Back 95

It implies that the operons' purposes are simular/related

Front 96

Non-living particle with life like quailities

Back 96

Virus

Front 97

What traits do all viruses have in common?

Back 97

*Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

*Protein Coat (Capsid)

*Proteins that allow it to bide to a cell

Front 98

Do all viruses have a lipid envelope and what is it?

Back 98

No, only some. It is not a membrane, but a combination of stolen membranes put together

Front 99

What traits do viruses with a lipid envelope have in common?

Back 99

They are usually more fragile, thus easier to "kill"

Front 100

How are viruses with a lipid envelope usually transmitted?

Back 100

Through body fulids

Front 101

Tindency to only attack to certain type of cells

Back 101

Tropoism

Front 102

Holes in lawn cultures cause by virus killing cells

Back 102

Plagues

Front 103

What is a holo enzyme?

Back 103

combination of core enzyme and sigma factor

Front 104

What is a Bacteriophage?

Back 104

Virus that targets bacteria spesfically

Front 105

Describe a Lyticphage bacteriphage

Back 105

Attaches to cell, injects it's DNA, replicates inside cell, then releases (lysis)

Front 106

What is lysis?

Back 106

Process of a cell bursting and releasing new viruses made inside it

Front 107

What are the products of lysis called?

Back 107

virions

Front 108

Do all bacteriophages have DNA, RNA, or does it vary?

Back 108

All bacteriophages have DNA (for the most part)

Front 109

What is another name for Lyticphage?

Back 109

virulent phage

Front 110

Describe Lysogenicphages

Back 110

Attach to cell and inject their DNA into cell. DNA then replaces a sequence in the cell's DNA with itself. When cell divides it carries viral DNA sequence with it. Has the possibility of going lytic

Front 111

What is another name for Lysogenicphages?

Back 111

Temperatephages

Front 112

What is the process that Lysogenicphages go through called?

Back 112

Lysogency

Front 113

Do all Lysogenicpages go through lysogency?

Back 113

No they have the option to go through lytic, however will go through lysogency if it is easier to multiply that way

Front 114

What is the new DNA sequence in lysogency called?

Back 114

prophage

Front 115

When a cell has currupted DNA from lysogency it has been what?

Back 115

Lysogenized

Front 116

Are their any beneifits for lysogenized cells?

Back 116

Yes, the new DNA sequence codes for a phenotype that will help the cell surivive better

Front 117

What is the process in which certain signals are given that cause prophage to leave the DNA and go through lytic cycle?

Back 117

Induction

Front 118

What are the two types of bacteriphages?

Back 118

*Lyticphages/Virulentphage

*Lysogenicphage/Temperatephage

Front 119

What are the four options that a Eurkaryotic virus could be?

Back 119

*Lytic

*Persistent infection

*Latent infection

*Transformation

Front 120

What are the negitive effects of lytic eurkaryotic viruses?

Back 120

It damages tissues and the body has to repair, if possible (which is it can't always in certain regions)

Front 121

Describe a persistent infection

Back 121

Same as a lytic virus, however much slower and when new verions release they leave slowly and do not cause the cell to burst or be killed

Front 122

Describe a Latenet infections

Back 122

Goes into cell and just kinda hangs out there (no replication). It may go lytic under right enviromental conditions

Front 123

Describe a transformation (virus)

Back 123

Makes cells cancer like (tumors, uncontrolled cell replication)