Microbiology Exam 2

Front 1

Mutation

Back 1

modification in the base sequence of DNA in a gene resulting in an alteration in the protein encoded by the gene.

Front 2

What is a negative result of mutations?

Back 2

Cause cancer

Front 3

Genotype

Back 3

Properties of a cell determined by its DNA composition

Front 4

Auxotrophic

Back 4

Mutant microorganism that required an organic growth factor.

Front 5

Phototrophic

Back 5

Organisms that use light as a source of energy

Front 6

Parent Strain

Back 6

Refers to the original strain of a bacterium used in an experiment; term is often used in place of wild-type strain.

Front 7

Phenotype

Back 7

The characteristics displayed by an organism in any given environment.

Front 8

Spontaneous Mutations

Back 8

Discredited theory that organisms can arise from non-living matter.

Front 9

What are 3 types of spontaneous mutations?

Back 9

Base substitution
Removal or addition of nucleotide
Transposable elements

Front 10

How do spontaneous mutations occur

Back 10

Without the addition of agents.

Front 11

Base Substitution

Back 11

Substitution that doesn't normally occur. Mix up of the base pairs.

Front 12

Removal or Addition of Nucleotide

Back 12

Also called frameshift mutation.

Front 13

Transposable Elements

Back 13

Genes that can jump down the chromosome. Jumping genes.

Front 14

Induced Mutations

Back 14

Mutation that results from the organism being treated with an agent that alters its DNA. Caused by humans.

Front 15

Chamical Mutagens

Back 15

Any chemical treatment that alters a purine or primidine. One is used to inhibit HIV.

Front 16

Transposition

Back 16

Jumping genes are added to culture and form mutations which change the DNA structure.

Front 17

Radiation

Back 17

A way to induce mutations with UV and XRAY.

Front 18

Two types of radiation

Back 18

UV and XRay

Front 19

Are pure cultures really pure?

Back 19

No. There will be mutants.

Front 20

Natural Selection

Back 20

Mutants can respond to the changing environment. Selection by the environment of those cells best able to grow in that environment.

Front 21

Name 3 types of mutant selection.

Back 21

Direct Selection
Indirect Selection
Conditional Lethal Mutants

Front 22

Direct Selection

Back 22

Technique of selecting mutants by plating organisms on a medium on which the desired mutants but not the parent will grow.

Front 23

Indirect Selection

Back 23

Technique for isolating mutants and identifying organisms unable to grow on a medium on which the parents do grow; often involves replica plating.

Front 24

Conditional Lethal Mutants

Back 24

Mutant that under some environmental conditions will grow, with lethal results, but under other conditions will not grow.

Front 25

DNA-mediated Transformation

Back 25

Actual pieces of DNA from a lysed cell insert themselves into a new bacterium.

Front 26

Transduction

Back 26

Bacteriophage (virus) infects the bacteria. Virus attaches to tcell wall of bacteria and dumps DNA into the cell.

Front 27

Bacteriophage

Back 27

A virus that infects bacteria.

Front 28

Conjugation

Back 28

Mechanism of gene transfer that involves cell to cell contact

Front 29

Plasmid Transfer

Back 29

Contact between donopr and recipient cells.
Activation of DNA transfer
Plasmid transfer
Synthesis of functional plasmid in the recipient and donor cells.

Front 30

Plasmids

Back 30

Extra chromosomal material DNA that is independent of the chromosome. Most baceria do have plasmids.

Front 31

Extrachromosal

Back 31

Not part of the cell's chromosome.

Front 32

Replicons

Back 32

Pieces of DNA that are capable of replicating. Contains an origin of replication.

Front 33

Conjugation

Back 33

Means by which plasmids are transferred. Most common way of transfer in gram (-) rods.

Front 34

Host Range

Back 34

The range of cell types that a pathogen can infect.

Front 35

Two variations of the host range.

Back 35

Wide and Narrow

Front 36

R Plasmids

Back 36

Resistant plasmids. Plasmids that encode resistance to one of more antimicrobial medications and heavy metals.

Front 37

R Genes

Back 37

Part of an R Plasmid

Front 38

Resistance Transfer Ractor (RTF)

Back 38

Part of the R Plasmid that codes for the transfer of the plasmid to other bacteria by conjugation.

Front 39

What are 2 parts of the R Plasmids?

Back 39

R Genes
Resistance Transfer Factor

Front 40

What does Wide Host Range mean?

Back 40

_____ Can multiply in many different species of bacteria.

Front 41

Hospital Environment

Back 41

A place where there are many resistant bacteria.

Front 42

Taxonomy

Back 42

Science that studies organisms in order to arrange them into groups. Organisms with similar properties are grouped together.

Front 43

Identification

Back 43

Characterizing organisms

Front 44

Classification

Back 44

Process of arranging organisms into similar or related groups primarily to privide easy identification and study.

Front 45

Nomenclature

Back 45

System of assigning names to organisms; a component of taxonomy.

Front 46

Name of the Taxonomic Hierarchies of Prokaryotes

Back 46

Domain - Kingdom -
Phylum (Division) - Class -
Order - Family -
Genus - Species.

Front 47

What are the 3 domains

Back 47

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Front 48

What book shows the hierarchy of Bacteria?

Back 48

Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Front 49

What are 4 microscopic phenotypic characteristics?

Back 49

Size and shape
Gram stain
Special stains
Capsule

Front 50

Gram Stain

Back 50

A quick, easy test to differentiate gram (+) from gram (-). Can be diagnostic.

Front 51

What is the first step in identifying unknown?

Back 51

Microscopic Morphology.

Front 52

Who invented the microscope?

Back 52

Lewanhook

Front 53

What is the second level of identification?

Back 53

Metabolic Differences

Front 54

What are culture characteristics?

Back 54

The characteristics we see on the plate of agar.

Front 55

What type of plate is used to grow staph and strep cultures?

Back 55

Blood agar plate

Front 56

Characteristics of Serratia marcescens

Back 56

Red, gram (-) rod.

Front 57

What are the characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Back 57

Lime green, gram (-) rod. Fruity smell.

Front 58

What are the characteristics of Streptococcus pyogens?

Back 58

Beta Hemolytic group A strep. Causes hemolysis on blood agar plate.

Front 59

What is one biochemical test?

Back 59

pH.

Front 60

What is dichotomous key?

Back 60

Like a flow chart. Used to identify unknowns.

Front 61

What are 3 commercial biochemical tests?

Back 61

API
Entertube
Vitek/Microscan

Front 62

A Catalase (+) bacteria.

Back 62

Staphylococcus

Front 63

A catalase (-) bacteria.

Back 63

Streptococcus.

Front 64

Serology

Back 64

Means of identification. Antibody/Antigen Reactions.

Front 65

Streptococcus pyogenies

Back 65

Causes strep throat

Front 66

Who discovered the identification of the strep groups?

Back 66

Lancefield.

Front 67

Fatty acid analysis

Back 67

A cumbersome research method done in research areas that is expensive.

Front 68

Gas Chromotography

Back 68

The method of viewing the results of fatty acid analysis.

Front 69

Do you need the living organism to identify an organism genotypically?

Back 69

No. The organism does not need to be living.

Front 70

Name 3 genotypic tests.

Back 70

Nucleic Acid Probe
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Sequencing Ribosomal Unculturable Organisms.

Front 71

Single stranded DNA

Back 71

A genotypic test that can be done on throat cultures.

Front 72

Hybridization

Back 72

Test done to detect gonorrhea and chlamidia.

Front 73

Biotype

Back 73

A strain that has a characteristic biochemical pattern different from other strains; also called a biovar.

Front 74

Serological Typing

Back 74

Type based on cellular and flagella antigens.

Front 75

Serotype

Back 75

A strain that has a characteristic antigenic structure that differs from other strains; also called a serovar.

Front 76

Antiobiogram

Back 76

Antibiotic susceptibility pattern; used to distinguish different bacterial strains.

Front 77

Antibiograms in hospital

Back 77

Statistical data that helps a doctor treat diseases.

Front 78

Susceptibility Patterns

Back 78

Listing of conditions in various hospitals and their rate of occurence.
Also, resistance in a given population. Trends.

Front 79

Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs

Back 79

Organisms that oxidize organic compounds such as glucose to obtain energy.

Front 80

Anaerobic Respiration

Back 80

The terminal electron acceptor can not be O2; usually sulfur or sulfate.

Front 81

Three characteristics of Sulfur- and sulfate reducing bacteria.

Back 81

Rotten egg hydrogen sulfide
Mud & water turn black
Desulfovibrio (organism)

Front 82

How do anaerobic chemoorganotrophs oxidize glucose?

Back 82

By fermentation

Front 83

Name an example of an anaerobic chemoorganotroph.

Back 83

Clostridium

Front 84

Name 4 characteristics about Clostridium

Back 84

Gram (+) rods
Can form endospores
Most found in soil
Cause tetanus, gangrene, botulism

Front 85

Lactic Acid Bacteria

Back 85

Generate lactic acid as a major end product of their fermentative metabolism.

Front 86

Name some lactic acid bacteria

Back 86

Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Lactococcus
Lactobacillus
Leonconostoc

Front 87

Obligate Fermentors.

Back 87

Use pyruvate at final electron acceptor to produce lactic acid. They don't utilize O2.