Microbiology Exam #2

Front 1

Macronutrients

Back 1

Elements needed by bacteria in large quantities

-Mg, Fe, K, Ca

Front 2

Micronutrients

Back 2

Elements needed by bacteria in trace amounts

-Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn

-can be cofactors

Front 3

Cofactors

Back 3

-small molecules that fit into specific enzymes and aid in catalysis

Front 4

Defined mineral medium

Back 4

-a growth medium that only contains compounds necessary for an organism to grow

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Axenic growth

Back 5

-growth outside of host cells (like on media)

Front 6

Heterotrophs

Back 6

-organisms that use external organic (carbon-based) compounds for biosynthesis

Front 7

Autotrophs

Back 7

Organisms that utilize inorganic carbon sources (such as CO2) via reduction reactions

Front 8

Phototrophs

Back 8

Organisms that obtain energy through chemical reactions caused by light absorption

Front 9

Chemotrophs

Back 9

Organisms that obtain energy from oxidation-reduction reactions that go from high energy to low energy

Front 10

Lithotrophs

Back 10

A subclass of chemotrophs that obtain electrons from inorganic molecules

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Organotrophs

Back 11

A subclass of chemotrophs that obtain their electrons from organic sources

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Nitrogen fixers

Back 12

Convert N2 (naturally occurring nitrogen) to ammonium (NH4+) via an enzyme called nitrogenase

Front 13

Nitrifiers

Back 13

Oxidize ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-)

Front 14

Denitrifiers

Back 14

Convert nitrate (NO3-) to N2 (naturally occurring form of nitrogen)

Front 15

Siderophores

Back 15

Molecules that bind to iron (Fe3+) and transport it into the cell (where is reduced to a usable form - Fe2+)

Front 16

Group translocation

Back 16

A type of active transport (uses energy) where the compound is modified into a different compound during transport

Front 17

Complex media

Back 17

Media that is nutrient rich but undefined

Front 18

Enriched media

Back 18

A type of complex medium with an additional component (such as blood)

Front 19

Synthetic media

Back 19

Media that is defined (precise amounts of known components) that can be used to determine metabolic needs of specific organisms

Front 20

Selective media

Back 20

Favors the growth of one organism over another

(for example, adding bile salts and crystal violet dye favors gram neg. bacteria)

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Differential media

Back 21

Selects for bacteria based on a biochemical aspect

(For example, E. Coli can digest lactose, while S. Enterica cannot)

(S. Enterica grows white on peptone while E. Coli turns red)

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MacConkey Medium

Back 22

A specific type of selective AND differential media

- selects for gram pos. bacteria

- turns fermenters red, leaves non-fermenters white

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Mesophiles

Back 23

Live at "normal" conditions

-Neutral pH

-20-40°C

-.9% salt

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Extremophile

Back 24

Anything other than a mesophile is called an extremophile

Front 25

Psychrophiles

Back 25

"Cold loving"

-microrganisms that live at 0-25°C

Front 26

Mesophiles

Back 26

"Middle-loving"

Organisms that live from 15-45°C

(All human pathogens are mesophiles - 37°C)

Front 27

Thermophiles

Back 27

"Temperature loving" (warm)

-organisms that live from 45-80°C

Front 28

Hyperthermophiles

Back 28

"Excess heat loving"

-organisms that live from 80-121°C

Front 29

Barophiles

(Piezophiles)

Back 29

Organisms that live at very high pressures

Front 30

Barotolerant

Back 30

Organisms that can survive some high pressure

(Up to 50MPa, half of what barophiles can survive)

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Halophiles

Back 31

-organisms that require a high salt content (10-20%)

Front 32

Neutralophiles

Back 32

-organisms that live at pH 5-8

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Acidophiles

Back 33

-organisms that live at pH 0-5

Front 34

Alkaliphiles

Back 34

-organisms that grow at pH 9-11

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Strict aerobes

Back 35

-microbes that must have oxygen present to grow

Front 36

Strict anaerobe

Back 36

-organisms that die in the presence of oxygen

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Facultative anaerobe

(or aerobe)

Back 37

-organisms that grow in the presence or absence of oxygen

Front 38

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Back 38

-organisms that do not use oxygen, but can survive in its presence

Front 39

Microaerophiles

Back 39

-organisms that require a low concentration of oxygen, and die in high concentrations

Front 40

Capnophiles

Back 40

Bacteria that require increased concentrations of carbon dioxide

Front 41

Oligotrophs

Back 41

-organisms that require low solute concentrations to survive

Front 42

Sterilization

Back 42

EVERYTHING is killed

Front 43

Disinfection

Back 43

-kills disease causing organisms from inanimate surfaces

Front 44

Antisepsis

Back 44

-kills disease causing organisms from living tissue

Front 45

Sanitation

Back 45

-brings microbial levels down to safe levels (does NOT kill everything)