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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is metabolism?
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The sum of all chem rxns in a cell
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Catabolism
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Energy releasing processes
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Anabolism
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Energy absorbing processes
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metabolic pathway
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sequence of chemical reaction in a cell.
Is determined by enzymes Enzymes are encoded by genes |
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collision theory
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Chemical rxns happen wen atoms, ions, and molecules collide.
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Activation energy
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energy needed to activate reactants
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Reaction rate
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Frequency of collisions that create rxns.
Can be increased by enzymes, increase temp, or pressure |
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Enzyme properties
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biological catalysts,
specific for a chem rxn. |
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components of enzymes
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apoenzymes - protein
cofactor-non protein coenzyme - organic cofactor holoenzyme - apoenzyme + cofactor (whole enzyme) |
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Important CoEnzymes
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NAD+
NADP+ FAD CoEnzyme A |
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enzyme involved in oxidation-reduction rxns
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oxidoreductase
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Enzyme - Transfer functional groups
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transferase
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enzyme - Hydrolysis
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hydrolase
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enzyme - removal of atoms w/o hydrolysis
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lyase
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enzyme - rearrangement of atoms
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isomerase
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enzyme - join molecules using ATP
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ligase
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4 factors that influence enzyme activity
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Temperature
pH Substrate concentration inhibitors (competive/non competive) |
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Temperature's influence on enzyme
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High temp denatures (inactivate) enzymes
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Substrate concentration influence on enzyme
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Increases enzymatic activity as you add more substrate, until certain point.
Then it levels out |
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3 types of inhibitors
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Competitive inhibitors
Non competitive inhibitors Feedback inhibitors |
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What is competitive inhibition
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Competition of substrate for active site of enzyme
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What is Non competitive inhibition
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binding of a molecule to a different site of enzyme (allosteric site) induces change of shape at active site – substrate can no longer bind
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What is feedback inhibition?
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product of reaction binds to enzyme (allosteric site), and stops reaction
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Oxidation Reaction
What is oxidation |
Loss of an electron or H+ atoms
NAD+ |
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Oxidation Reaction
What is reduction? |
Gain of an electron or H+ atoms
NADH- |
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How is ATP generated?
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By the phosphorylation of ADP
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Name 3 ways ATP can be produced by phosphorylation? (ADP---> ATP)
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substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation |
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What is substrate level phosphorylation?
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Transfer of a high energy phospate to ADP to produce ATP
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
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electron transport of electrons derived from NADH &
FADH2; chemiosmosis (movement of (hydrogen) ions across a membrane to release energy is used to synthesize ADP from ATP using the enzyme ATP synthase |
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What is photophosphorylation?
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Light causes chlorophyll to give up electron
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What is carbohydrate catabolism?
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Is the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP
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What are the 3 processes that an organism uses to break down ATP
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Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain |
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What is Glycolysis?
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Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid to produce ATP and NADH
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What are the 2 stages of glycolysis
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preparatory stage
Energy conserving stage |
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What happens in preparatory stage of glycolysis
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2 ATPs produced
glucose splits to form (2) glucose-3-phosphate |
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What happens in the energy conserving stage of glycolysis?
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2 glucose-3-phospate oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid.
4 ATP produced 2 NADH produced |
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What is the net total amount of ATP produced in glycolysis?
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total (net) output: 2 ATP, 2 NADH
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Name 2 alternatives to glycolysis
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Pentose phosphate pathway
& Entner-Doudoroff pathway |
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What happens in glycolysis in presence of air
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With air, pyruvic acid is oxidized to form acetyl CoA
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Organic acceptor
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Aerobic respiration
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Inorganic acceptor
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anaerobic respiration
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What happens in the intermediate step when glycolysis ends and before Krebs cycle begins
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Pyruvic acid is oxidized and decarboxylated. to form acetyl CoA
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What happens in the krebs cycle?
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Acetyl CoA produces NADH and FADH2
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Name 3 carrier molecules that accept electrons in krebs cycle
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Flavoproteins
ubiquinone cytochrome |
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What happens in the electron transport chain
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ATP is produced by chemiosmosis
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How many ATPs are produced in prokaryotes from the complete oxidation of 1 glucose using aerobic respiration?
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38
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How many ATPs are produced in eukaryotes from the complete oxidation of 1 glucose using aerobic respiration?
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36
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What is an amphibolic pathway
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metabolic pathway that has both catabolic and anabolic functions.
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List 3 physical requirements for an organism to grow
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Temperature
pH Osmotic pressure |
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What are the 3 types of growth temperatures?
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<MOM>
Minimum growth temperature optimum growth temperture maximum growth temperature |
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What is minimum growth temperature
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lowest temperature an organism can grow
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what is optimum growth temp
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temperature where organisms grow best
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What is maximum growth temperature
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highest temperature at which growth is possible
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What are the 3 classifications of organisms based on temp range
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Psychrophiles
Mesophiles Thermophiles |
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What is a psychrophile and what temp does it grow at
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They are cold loving organisms.
0-15c |
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What is a mesophile and what temp does it grow at
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they are moderate temperature loving organism
25-40c |
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What is a thermophile and what temp does it grow at
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heat loving organism
50-60c |
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what is a psychrotroph and what temp does it gro on
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it is a type of psychrophile. Can grow on 0c, but optimum temp is 20-30c
Grow well at refrigeration temperatures |
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What type of organism causes food spoilage
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psychrotroph
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What pH can most bacteria grow
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6.5-7.5
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Where do the following org live in
halophiles acidophiles thermophiles |
high salt envirnment
acidic environment high heat envirnment |
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Why are buffers added
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To neutralize acid produced by growing organisms
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Plasmolysis
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Hypertonic solution
increase salt or suger (cause cell to shrink |
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CHemical requirement
NAme element |
CArbon
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what organism uses carbon
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Autotrophs use CO2
chemoautotrophs use irganic carbon |
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Microorganism can be classified into 5 different groups. that require O2
Name 3 |
Obligate aerobes
Facultative anaerobes Obligate anaeronbes |
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What is obligate aerobes
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Can only grow in presence of oxygen
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what is facultative anaerobes
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Grow in pressence of O2, however if O2 is exhausted, it can grow w/o O2
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Obligate anaerobes
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Have to grow in the absence of O2
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Aerobic organisms have 3 types of emzymes that can break down toxic chemicals
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superoxide dismutase
catalase peroxidase |
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Why can't anaerobic organism grow in the presence of toxic chemicals
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Becasue they do not have the enzymes to break it down
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Name 5 characteristics of a AGAR
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Solidifies @ 40c
Liquifies @ 100C Generally not metabolized by microbes used as solidfying agent for culture media in slants, plates, deeps. Is a complex polysaccharide from algae |
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Name 2 types of culture media
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chemically defined media
complex media |
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What is a chemically defined media
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a media where the exact composition is know
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What is a complex media
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made of extracts and digests of yeaste, meats, or plants
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Name 2 methods used to preseve bacteria
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deep freezing
lypholization |
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explain deep freezing
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-50 to -95c
culture put in suspending liquid and quick frozen at the temp |
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Explain lypholization
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freeze drying
54 to -72c frozen and dehydrated in a vacuum |
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What is generation time
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Time required for a cell to divide or a population to double
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As the cell divides, how does the cell increase
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Exponentially
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How do you find the final concentration of cells
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Initial #cells * 2(# of gen)
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How do you find the number off generations.
If u start with 10o cells and end with 10000 cells how many times did it divide |
#gens= log#end - log#beginning /log2
log10000-log100/log2 |
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What are the 4 phases of growth
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lag
log stationary death |
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What is lag phase
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No change in # of cells,
high metabolic activity |
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WHat is log phase
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cells grow exponentially
sensitive to radiation and anti microbial drugs |
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What is stationary phase
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# growing cells = # dying cells
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What is death phase
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#dead cells ># of new cells
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draw growth curve of typical bacteria and label it
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- - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - ____ ------- - |
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Name 4 methods of direct emuneration
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Standard plate count
filtration MPN Direct microscopic count |
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NAme 2 ways to do a standard plate count
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pour plate method
Spread method |
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Nmae 3 indirect ways of counting bacteria
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Turbidity
metabolic activity dry weight |
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What is sepsis
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microbial contamination
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What is asepsis
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absence of contamination
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Define sterilization
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removal of all microbial life
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Define disinfection
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removal of pathogens
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Define Degerming
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removal of pathogens fromlimited area
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Define sanitization
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lower microbial counts on eating utensils
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WHat is bacteriostatis
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Inhibiting, but not killing microbes
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What is bacteriocidal
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killing microbes
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Name 4 ways the effectiveness of microbial treatment depends on
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# microbes
environment Time of exposure microbial characteristic |
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Name 4 specific sites of actions of microbial control agents
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alteration memberane permeability
proteins damage to nucleic acid cell wall |
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What is TDP
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Thermal death point
Lowest temp where all cells are killed in 10 mins |
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What is TDT
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Thermal death time
time it takes to kill all cells in culture |
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WHat is DRT
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Decimal reduction time
Time it takes to kill 90% of population at given temp |
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What are examples of physical method of microbial control
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Heat
Moist Heat- Autoclave Dry heat PAsteurization filtration low temp high pressure |
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NAme 4 chem methods of microbial control
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concentration of disinfectant
Organic matter pH Time |
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Give example of disinfectant
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Phenol
lysol halogens alcohols HEavy metals |
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What is oligodynamic action
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it is antimicrobial acivity of heavy metals
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List in order of most resistant toleast resistant organism
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Endospore - mycobacteria - vegetative protozoa - Gram neg bacteria - fungi - gram+ bacteri
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What is genetics
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Study of what genes are, how the carry info, how info is expressed, and replicated
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What are Genes?
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Genese are a segment of DNA that encodes a functional product/protein
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What is a genome
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all the genetic material in a cell
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What is a genotype
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the genes of an organism
(genetic composition of org) |
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Phenotype
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Expression of genes
(Physical expression of genotype) |
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Name 3 ways genetic information flows
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Between cells of same generation
Between generation of cells within a cell |
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What is recombination
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Flow btw cells of same gen
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What is replication
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2 daughter cells
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transcription, translation
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cell metabolism
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DNA is copied by
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DNA polymerase
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WHat direction is DNA copied in
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5'----> 3' direction
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How is the leading strand synthesized
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continously
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How is the lagging strand synthesized
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discontinously
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What does DNA gyrase do
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relaxes the coiling of DNA strand
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Helicase
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unwinds the double strand of DNA
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Topoisomerase
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relaxes supercoling
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DNA ligase
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Joins DNA strand, Joins okazaki fragments
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DNA polymerase
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Synthesizes DNA
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RNA polymerase
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copies RNA from DNA template
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What is transcription
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synthesis of complementary strand of RNA from DNA template
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What is required for transcription
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enzyme - RNA polymerase
Supply of RNA nucleotides |
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What is a codon
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language of mRNA
groups of 3 nucleotides |
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What is a sense codon
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codes for amino acids
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Nonsense codons
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stop codons
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What does the genetic code do/mean
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the sequence of codons in a mRNA determins amino acids that will be in protein being synthesized
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Describe Translation
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mRNA is translated in codons, starts at AUG, ends at stop codon
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Name properties of the genetic code
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redundant
Non-ambiguous almost universal degenerate |
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Name the 4 phases of translation
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activation
initiation elongation termination |
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Name the 3 genes that are involved in lac operon
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lac Z
lac Y lac A |
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What is a lac operon
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It is a cluster of bacterial genes along with a promoter, that controls the transcription of the genes.
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True or false
All genes are regulated |
False
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Which 2 genes are responsible for lactose catabolism
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lac Z
lac Y |
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What is a promoter
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Short segment of DNA where RNA polymerase binds
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What is an operator
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short segment of DNA partially within promoter.
Acts like a stop and go signal for transcription of genes |
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What is an IGene and where is it found.
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A regulatory gene that codes for a repressor protein.
Found on Lac Operon |
