Honors Bio Ch.5 Mackenzie Townsend

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

They are the chemical reactions within an organism

Hint 1

There's 2 types of _____

Front 2

Biosynthesis

Back 2

The production of the complex molecules within living cells and organisms

Hint 2

Carbon skeletons are needed in this

Front 3

Decomposition

Back 3

Reactions that break down the organic food molecules into simpler forms so they release energy

Hint 3

A type of metabolic process which is similar to food breaking down/ rotting

Front 4

Cell Respiration

Back 4

A pathway for the energy released by decomposition to the cells so they can function

Hint 4

Also has two types depending on oxygen use

Front 5

Aerobic

Back 5

Respiration that occurs when oxygen is present

Hint 5

A type of cellular respiration

Front 6

Anaerobic

Back 6

Respiration that occurs when there is no oxygen present

Hint 6

Another type of cellular respiration

Front 7

Fermentation

Back 7

What a pyruvate undergoes when oxygen is absent

Hint 7

Used to create alcohol

Front 8

Glycosis

Back 8

The process in which enzymes partially oxidize the glucose and split the glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules

Hint 8

First stage of aerobic respiration

Front 9

Glucose

Back 9

Simple carbohydrate

Hint 9

Divided into 3 stages of use

Front 10

Krebs Cycle

Back 10

The 2-carbon molecules resulting from the end of glycosis are completely oxidized into carbon dioxide.

Hint 10

ATP molecules to conserve energy released from this reaction

Front 11

NAD+/NADH

Back 11

Electrons and protons lost from glycosis and the Krebs cycle go to the NAD+. Hydrogen atoms also lost in those stages reduce NAD+ into NADH. NAD+ is an easily reduced molecule

Hint 11

Similar to the NADP+ and the NADPH in photosynthesis

Front 12

Electron Transport System

Back 12

Where the protons and electrons from the oxidize NADH go

Hint 12

Third stage of aerobic respiration

Front 13

FAD/FADH2

Back 13

Two hydrogen atoms, in the Krebs Cycle, that comes from glucose reduces to a second hydrogen carrier molecule known as FAD. FADH2 is created and carries hydrogen in cells

Hint 13

NADH, NADPH, and ____ carry hydrogen

Front 14

ATP

Back 14

Energy from the protons and electrons in the ETS release energy when being passed to oxygen and the energy is used to form ATP

Hint 14

Mostly synthesized by the ETS

Front 15

Pyruvate

Back 15

Key ingredient in several anaerobic pathways

Hint 15

It's kind of like the "flour" to the ____ you could say because flour is the main ingredient in a lot of our daily foods

Front 16

Lactate

Back 16

Is a 3-carbon acid made when NADH and pyruvate convert to it

Hint 16

Happens when insufficient oxygen is present at the end of glycosis

Front 17

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 17

The anaerobic pathway that converts NADH and pyruvate into NAD+ and lactate. The NAD+ goes back to the beginning of glycosis and the glycosis increases the ATP until more oxygen is available

Hint 17

Technical name for the process that happens at the end of glycosis when the oxygen isn't sufficient

Front 18

Cristae

Back 18

The inner membrane that has many folds which extend to the inside of the mitochondrion

Hint 18

Enzymes of the ETS are organized here

Front 19

Mitochondrion

Back 19

The Krebs cycle and the ETS occurs in this organelle. It also provides efficiency and organization to cell respiration

Hint 19

The ____ is similar to the chloroplast in photosynthesis

Front 20

Matrix

Back 20

Fluid filled interior space of the mitochondrion

Hint 20

Most enzymes of the Krebs cycle are found here

Front 21

Acetate

Back 21

A 2-carbon organic acid left from the enzymes releasing CO2 from each 3-carbon pyruvate

Hint 21

Step one of the Krebs cycle produces this

Front 22

Coenzyme A/ acetyl CoA

Back 22

Coenzyme A is a carrier molecule which binds to the acetate and delivers it to the Krebs cycle. The resulting complex when the coenzyme A and the acetate combine is called acetyl CoA

Hint 22

Partners with acetate

Front 23

Citrate

Back 23

This 6-carbon acid if formed when an enzyme combines acetyl CoA with a 4 carbon acid known an oxalocetate

Hint 23

Second step of the Krebs cycle

Front 24

Cytochromes

Back 24

The series of easily reduced and oxidized enzymes and other proteins in the ETS

Hint 24

These are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 25

Facultative anaerobe

Back 25

Bacteria that can survive long periods of time with or without oxygen

Hint 25

Staphylococci; Gram positive

Front 26

Obligate anaerobes

Back 26

These are bacteria that are poisoned by oxygen and instead generate ATP from fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Front 27

Obligate aerobes

Back 27

Organisms such as plants and animals which cannot survive without oxygen

Hint 27

Dogs and tulips

Front 28

Hydrolysis

Back 28

When the components of water are used to break a bond

Hint 28

Digestion

Front 29

Reduce

Back 29

To break something down into smaller pieces

Hint 29

When NAD+ is reduced to NADH

Front 30

Oxidize

Back 30

When another molecule is chemically combined with oxygen

Hint 30

Happens in glycosis

Front 31

ATP Synthase

Back 31

Important enzyme which provides energy for cells

Hint 31

Important for synthesis of ATP

Front 32

Glucose

Back 32

Simple carbohydrate

Hint 32

Divided into three stages of use