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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Photoautotroph |
autotroph that uses photosynthesis for both source of energy and carbon |
1. Most of the plants and algae are ____. 2. image |
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Photosynthesis |
a process that used by photoautotrophs to absorb energy from the visible light. |
1. Plants absorb the most energy from violet wavelength during the ____. 2. image |
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Pigments |
the light-absorbing substances within the photoautotrophic cells |
1. ____ only absorb visible light 2. Chlorophyll is a ____. |
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Thylakoids |
membranes with the cell of the plants where the pigments are embedded. |
1. ____ simply float inside the cell. 2. image |
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Grana |
several flattened sacs that are stacked like pancakes to increase the amount of membrane surface area that the chloroplast can hold. |
1. The thylakoid membrane consist mostly of ____. 2. image |
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Stroma |
the space between the outer membrane and the thylakoids. |
1. Enzymes in the ____ catalyze the formation of sugar from carbon dioxide and water. 2. image |
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Chloroplast |
an organized structure that contains the stroma and the granum. |
1. an outer ____ membrane separates the thylakoid from the cytoplasm and regulates the flow of materials into and out of the ____. 2. image |
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Chlorophyll |
the green pigment found in the thylakoids that supports the photosynthesis |
1. Plants contain two kinds of ____, a and b. 2. image |
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Light reactions |
a chemical reaction of photosynthesis that convert visible light into chemical energy. |
1. the products of the light reactions are used in the Calvin cycle. 2. image |
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PS1 |
one type of cluster that's formed by pigments and losts electrons. |
1. the transfer of electrons from water through PS2 to PS1 as a flow of reducing power. 2. image |
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PS2 |
one type of cluster that's formed by pigments and send electron to the other cluster. |
1. ____ receives replacements for these electrons from an enzyme neat its reaction center that oxidizes water. 2. image |
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Calvin Cycle |
a series of processes that reduce carbon dioxide, forming sugar. |
1. The ____ conserves the chemical energy produced in the light reactions in the form of sugars that the organism can use for growth. 2. image |
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RuBP |
a molecule of the starting material that's produced in the Calvin cycle |
1. five molecules are required to regenerate ____ 2. image |
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NADP+/NADPH |
the molecules evolve in the power flow among the photosystem and it's reduced form |
1. NADPH is the end of the electron flow in the light reactions. 2. image |
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ATP synthetase |
an enzyme complex that synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate |
1. ____ uses the energy from concentrated protons diffusion out of the thylakoid. 2. image |
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PGA/PGAL |
a 3-carbon acid and a 3- carbon sugar-phosphate that are produced in the Calvin Cycle |
1. ____ requires one molecule each of ATP and the reducing agent from the light reaction. 2. image |
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Rate |
the activity per unit of time (of the photosynthesis)of a biological process |
1. environmental conditions strongly affect the ____ of photosynthesis. 2. we can measure ____ of photosynthesis by how much carbon dioxide is costumes over time. |
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Photoinhibition |
a decline in photosynthesis that may occur when the light is too intense for plants |
1. the damage of ____ is caused by OH-or H2O2 reacting with pigments and proteins. 2. image |
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Saturation point |
a point where the plant can have the highest rate of photosynthesis without any damage to it. |
1. different plant has different ____. 2. image |
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Limiting factors |
several factors that interact with each other and effect the final result |
1. In a forest, ____ include light, water, temperature, and nutrients. 2. In the oceans, nutrients are the most important ____ for photoautotrophs in surface water. |
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Rubisco |
a enzyme incorporates carbon dioxide into sugars in the Calvin Cycle |
1. The similarity between oxygen and carbon dioxide allows ____ to bind to either oxygen or carbon dioxide. 2. image |
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Photorespiration |
the pathway that the organism loses fixed carbon atoms, instead of gaining them. |
1. ____ enables organisms to recover some of the carbon in glycol ate. 2. ____ may help to reduce photo inhibition by providing a way fro chlorophyll to release excess light energy. |
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Bundle sheath cells |
a layer of tightly packed cells that surrounds each vein of C4 plants |
1. Mesophyll cells surround the ____ and extend into the air spaces in the leaf. 2. image |
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C3 plants |
plants that used only the Calvin Cycle to fix carbon dioxide |
1. ____is called because the product of the Calvin Cycle is the 3-carbon acid PGA. 2. example: rice, wheat, oranges. |
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C4 plants |
plants that have two systems of carbon dioxide fixation that occur in different parts of the leaves. |
1. In general C4 plants grow more rapidly than C3 plants. 2. C4 plants can function efficiently ar high temperatures while keeping stomates partly closed to reduce water loss. |
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CAM |
CAM plants open their stomates at night and incorporate carbon dioxide into organic acids. During the hot, dry days, enzymes break down the organic acids to release carbon dioxide. |
1. The CAM system is not very efficient so CAM plants grow very slowly. 2. example: cactus, jade, and snake plants. |
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Stomates |
things that will be partly closed when many plants are reducing water loss during hot, dry weather. |
1. When ____ are closed, carbon dioxide levels in the leaves may drop sp low that photorespiration is favored over photosynthesis. 2. image |
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Chemoautotroph |
Autotroph that use the chemical energy in inorganic substances to form sugars from carbon dioxide. |
1. Archaebacteria are ____. 2. image |
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Chemosynthesis |
the process that use by chemoautotrophs to convert chemical energy in the environment into form of life energy. |
1. The more reduced the electron source is, the more energy is released when it is oxidized. 2. image |
