Honors Bio, Ch. 8 Abby Huang

Front 1

Cell cycle

Back 1

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Hint 1

3 phases: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Front 2

Mitosis

Back 2

A nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells having the same genetic complement as the original cell.

Hint 2

Process after G2

Front 3

Interphase

Back 3

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

Hint 3

Process before mitosis

Front 4

G1/G0

Back 4

In interphase -G1: cell grows rapidly, builds new organelles; also performs regular cell functions

G0:A non-dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.

Hint 4

first normal growth and the other way besides going to Restriction Point

Front 5

S

Back 5

During S phase, which follows G1 phase, all of the chromosomes are replicated.

Hint 5

DNA Replication

Front 6

G2

Back 6

second growth stage of the cell cycle. During G2, the cell synthesizes a variety of proteins.

Hint 6

cell prepare to divide

Front 7

M

Back 7

The M stage stands for "mitosis", and is when nuclear (chromosomes separate) and cytoplasmic (cytokinesis) division occur.

Hint 7

stage after G2

Front 8

Restriction point

Back 8

A point of no return in the cell cycle; once this point passes, a cell is committed to a full round of the cell cycle.

Hint 8

The other way besides G0 after G1

Front 9

Cytokinesis

Back 9

dividing/splitting of the cytoplasm.

Hint 9

It occurs concurrently with two types of nuclear division, occurs in animals cells

Front 10

Daughter cell

Back 10

Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division by mitosis.

Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes.

Hint 10

two cells results from cell cycle

Front 11

Nucleotide base pairing

Back 11

Bases of DNA that are paired together to create new strands of DNA

Hint 11

A,T,C,G

Front 12

Hydrogen bond

Back 12

adenine-thymine bond together with 2 hydrogen bondscytosine and guanine bond together with 3 hydrogen bond

Hint 12

Holds DNA together

Front 13

Antiparallel

Back 13

The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.

Hint 13

leading strand and lagging strand

Front 14

DNA polymerase

Back 14

The DNA polymerases are enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.

Hint 14

essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule.

Front 15

Semiconservative replication

Back 15

Semiconservative replication would produce two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand.

Hint 15

After DNA polymerase, outside DNA strand and inside DNA strand

Front 16

Histone

Back 16

histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.

Hint 16

We need ___ and chromatin to coil DNA

Front 17

Chromosome

Back 17

During Mitosis, chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of DNA.

Hint 17

In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called _____.

DNA is condense.

Front 18

Chromatin

Back 18

During Interphase, Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Hint 18

DNA is not condenses.Not easy to see.

Front 19

Mutation

Back 19

mutation is a permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, other genetic elements.

Hint 19

a natural process that changes a DNA sequence

Front 20

Mutagen

Back 20

a mutagen is a changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations

Hint 20

X-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and certain chemicals

Front 21

Excision repair

Back 21

excision repair is a cellular mechanism that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle. It is responsible primarily for removing mismatched base lesions from the genome.

Hint 21

An enzyme that attaches to mutated DNA fix the mutated portion

Front 22

Leading strand/Lagging strand

Back 22

Leading Strand is the parent strand of DNA that funs in the 3' to 5' direction toward the fork, and it's able to be replicated continuously by DNA polymerase.

Lagging Strand is the parent strand of DNA that funs in the 5' to 3' direction toward the fork, and it's replicated discontinuously.

Hint 22

Two DNA parent strands run in different direction on a same DNA polymerase.

Front 23

Sister chromatids

Back 23

A sister chromatid refers to either of the two identical copies formed by the replication of a single chromosome

Hint 23

'one-half' of the duplicated chromosome.

Front 24

Centromere

Back 24

The centromere is the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids

Hint 24

A centromere is a constricted region of a chromosome that separates it into a short arm (p) and a long arm (q).

Front 25

Aneuploid

Back 25

Aneuploidy is the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell

Hint 25

Abnormal nuclei

Front 26

Prophase

Back 26

during prophase the chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane break down.

Hint 26

the first stage of cell division, before metaphase

Front 27

Metaphase

Back 27

Metaphase is the process that separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

Hint 27

the third phase of mitosis

Front 28

Anaphase

Back 28

Anaphase is the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

Hint 28

the fourth phase of mitosis,

Front 29

Telophase

Back 29

the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

Hint 29

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase

Front 30

Centrioles

Back 30

The centrioles are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division.

Hint 30

a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way.

Front 31

(Mitotic) spindle (fibers)

Back 31

form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell in mitosis

Hint 31

spindle is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells

Front 32

Spindle poles

Back 32

the microtubule organizing center in yeast cells, functionally equivalent to the centrosome.

Hint 32

Unlike the centrosome the _____ does not contain centrioles.

Front 33

Kinetochore

Back 33

where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart.

Hint 33

activation of the spindle checkpoint and participation in force generation to propel chromosome movement during cell division.

Front 34

Cyclins

Back 34

a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase enzymes.

Hint 34

acts as a signal to the cell to pass to the next cell cycle phase.

Front 35

Kinases

Back 35

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.

Hint 35

This transesterification produces a phosphorylated substrate and ADP.

Front 36

Cell­cycle arrest

Back 36

Cellcyle arrest is a stopping point in the cell cycle, where is no longer involved in the processes surrounding duplication and division.

Hint 36

Cellcycle checkpoints inducing a ____ in response until the defects are repaired.

Front 37

Cancer

Back 37

abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue.

Hint 37

life style factors such as tobacco use, diet, and physical activity; and environmental exposures to different types of chemicals and radiation can cause this disease

Front 38

Checkpoints

Back 38

Cell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in eukaryotic cells which ensure proper division of the cell.

Hint 38

where travelers are subject to security checks.