Honors Bio, Ch.8 Nicole Ren

Front 1

Cell Cycle

Back 1

Series of stages that represents the process of eukaryotic cell division.

Hint 1

1. After completing ____, a cell becomes two new daughter cells.

2. image

Front 2

Mitosis

Back 2

A process of sorting and distributing the chromosomes during cell division.

Hint 2

1. The individual chromosomes become visible during ____.

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Front 3

Interphase

Back 3

The period between cell divisions which is mostly cell regular growing.

Hint 3

1. ____ takes place in cells most of the time.

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Front 4

G1/G0

Back 4

The first stage of cell cycle where cell enlarges and makes new protein.

Hint 4

1. Most cells in adult multicellular organisms are in ____.

2. ____represents Gap 1/Gap 0.

Front 5

S

Back 5

The second stage of cell cycle.

Hint 5

1. ____ represents synthesis.

2. The DNA of each chromosome replicates to form a new identical set of chromosomes during____.

Front 6

G2

Back 6

The third stage of cell cycle.

Hint 6

1. During____, the cell prepares for mitosis by synthesizing specific types of RNA and proteins.

2. The product of ____ will be required for mitosis during the upcoming M phase.

Front 7

M

Back 7

The last stage of cell cycle, include mitosis and cytokinesis.

Hint 7

1. the chromosomes are condensed and visible during this stage.

2. After ____, the daughter cells enters G1 again.

Front 8

Restriction point

Back 8

A point between G1/G0 and S in which a cell that pass it commits to a full round of the cell cycle.

Hint 8

1. ____ is the "point of no return"

2. When a cell in G0/G1 receives these signals, it passes through the ____.

Front 9

Cytokinesis

Back 9

Division of the whole cell.

Hint 9

1. takes place after mitosis.

2. ____ happens very quick.

Front 10

Daughter cell

Back 10

Two cells that are formed after one cell's division.

Hint 10

1. The ____ enters the cell cycle after it's formed.

2. image

Front 11

Nucleotide base pairing

Back 11

A pairing rule in DNA replication that depends on how many hydrogen bonds each nitrogen base can form with its counterpart.

Hint 11

1. Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine pairs with cytosine.

2. image

Front 12

Hydrogen bond

Back 12

The electrostatic attraction between polar groups that occurs when a hydrogen atom bound to a highly electronegative atom(N).

Hint 12

1. ____ is the factor that nucleotide base pairing is based on.

2. image

Front 13

Antiparallel

Back 13

To describe two biopolymers run parallel to each other with opposite alignments.

Hint 13

1. The two strands of DNA are parallel but run in opposite directions.

2. ____ is like a divided highway.

Front 14

DNA polymerase

Back 14

The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the new DNA strands.

Hint 14

1. ____ can add nucleotides only to the end of an existing nucleic-acid strand.

2. image

Front 15

Semiconservative replication

Back 15

Referring the process of DNA replication contain half of the strands from an old DNA and half new.

Hint 15

1. ____ is a characteristic of DNA replication.

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Front 16

Histone

Back 16

Highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.

Hint 16

1. ____ are the chief protein components of chromatin.

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Front 17

Chromosome

Back 17

Thread-like structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA.

Hint 17

1. ____ is passed from parent cell to daughter cells.

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Front 18

Chromatin

Back 18

DNA bound to nucleosomes.

Hint 18

1. Eukaryotic DNA exists in this form most of the time.

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Front 19

Mutation

Back 19

Any change in the sequence of a cell's DNA.

Hint 19

1. most of the ____ are harmful.

2. ____ that persist to the next cell division are inherited by the daughter cells.`

Front 20

Mutagen

Back 20

Chemicals in forms of radiation that cause mutations.

Hint 20

1. As many mutations can cause cancer, ____ are therefore also likely to be carcinogens.

2. image

Front 21

Excision repair

Back 21

The process by which mismatches mutation are repaired.

Hint 21

1. In ___, enzymes remove part of one strand from the mismatched section, synthesize a replacement that matches the strand, and bond the new nucleotides to the rest of strand.

2.

Front 22

Leading strand/Lagging strand

Back 22

Two strands of DNA. DNA replication occurs continuously on one strand and discontinuous on the other strand.

Hint 22

1. They occurs because the DNA strand is antiparallel.

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Front 23

Sister chromatids

Back 23

The two copies of each chromosome made during the S phase.

Hint 23

1. ____ are ready to be separated and delivered to each new nucleus.

2. image

Front 24

Centromere

Back 24

Proteins at a narrow point that attaches the sister chromatids as a cell enters the M phase.

Hint 24

1. ____ usually are near the center of the chromosome.

2. image(red dots)

Front 25

Aneuploid

Back 25

Daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.

Hint 25

1. A mistake at chromosome segregation will result ____.

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Front 26

Prophase

Back 26

the first phase of mitosis

Hint 26

1. chromatin condenses during ____.

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Front 27

Metaphase

Back 27

the second phase of mitosis

Hint 27

1. in ____, motor proteins in the kinetochores have pulled the chromosomes into a ring between the two poles.

2. image

Front 28

Anaphase

Back 28

the third phase of mitosis

Hint 28

1. in ____, enzymes break down the protein holding sister chromatids together.

2. image

Front 29

Telophase

Back 29

the fourth phase of mitosis

Hint 29

1. in ____, two new nuclei are produced.

2. image

Front 30

Centrioles

Back 30

A small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way.

Hint 30

1. ____ are found in pairs and move towards the poles of the nucleus during cell division.

2. image

Front 31

(Mitotic) spindle (fibers)

Back 31

Spindle fibers form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell.

Hint 31

1. During prophase, microtubules begin to form around the nucleus and join to form ____.

2. image

Front 32

Spindle poles

Back 32

The site at which the microtubules at the ends of the spindle are anchored protein structures that surround the centrioles at each end of the cell.

Hint 32

1.____ form around the centrioles.

2. image

Front 33

Kinetochore

Back 33

A protein complex within each centromere.

Hint 33

1. Some of the microtubules in the spindle bind to the ____ of each chromatid.

2. image

Front 34

Cyclins

Back 34

Proteins within the cell begin to accumulate and then rapidly disappear as the cell cycle progresses.

Hint 34

1. they are called ____ because they regulate progresses.

2. the most important ____ are the G1____ and the mitotic ____.

Front 35

Kinases

Back 35

Enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to other enzymes.

Hint 35

1. Cyclins act by binding to various ____.

2. image

Front 36

Cell-cycle arrest

Back 36

A state in which checkpoint controls consist of proteins that detect mistakes and damage and quickly halt the cell cycle until repairs are made.

Hint 36

1. without ____, mitosis could produce daughter cells with damaged or missing chromosomes.

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Front 37

Cancer

Back 37

Uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction.

Hint 37

1. Research on mismatched genes is critically important in the detection and prevention of ____.

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Front 38

Checkpoints

Back 38

Eukaryotic cells have checkpoints at several stages in the cell cycle where they arrest the process when a problem is detected.

Hint 38

1. ____ prevents production of daughter cells with genetic damage.

2. image