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269 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This systems protects a person by detecting changes in the environment?
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The sensory system
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An environment change becomes a?
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Stimulus
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The stimulus from the environment initiates a nerve ____?
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Impulse
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The external stimulus from sensory organs travel toward the CNS by way of what?
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Afferent neuron, ascending tract
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A stimulus becomes a sensation only when the cerebral cortex ________the nerve impulse it generates?
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Interprets
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Types of stimulus are?
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Internal (visceral)
External (skeletal, integumentary, Ears, nose, eyes) |
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Type of stimulus that arrive from the external and are detected at or near the body surface?
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External
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Type of stimulus that originates internally to maintain homeostasis?
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Internal (visceral)
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The part of the nervous system that detects a stimulus?
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Sensory receptor
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A free dendrite of a sensory neuron, such as the receptors for pain is what type receptor?
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Sensory
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Type of Receptor? A modified ending, or end-organ, on the dendrite of an afferent neuron, such as those for touch and temperature?
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Sensory
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Type of receptor? A specialized cell associated with an afferent neuron, such as the rods and cones of the retina of the eye and the receptors in the other special sense organs?
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Sensory
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Receptors can be classified according to the type of _________ to which they respond?
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Stimulus
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Type of Sensory receptor such as the receptors for taste and smell, detect chemicals in solution?
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Chemoreceptors
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Type of Sensory receptor located in the retina of the eye, responds to light?
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Photoreceptors
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Type of Sensory receptor that detect change in temperature, many of these located in skin?
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Thermoreceptors
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Type of Sensory receptor that respond to movement such as stretch, pressure, or vibrations?
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Mechanoreceptors
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Any receptor must recieve a stimulus of adequate intensity called?
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Threshold stimulus (must meet a certain level to activate sensory recpetors)
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Type of sense that is localized in a special sense organ?
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Special sense
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Type of sense that is widely distributed throughout the body?
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Generalized sense
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Special senses include what senses?
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Vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell
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General senses include what senses?
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Pressure, temperature, pain, and touch, also sense of position (muscles, joints, tendons)
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What structures protect the eye?
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Skull bones, eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrow, conjuctiva (covers sclera, lacrimal glands, nasolacrimal duct.
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The upper and lower eyelids anatomical name?
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Superior Palpabrea levator, Inferior Palpabrea levator
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Cells within the _______produce mucus that aids in lubricating the eye?
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Conjunctiva
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Tears from the lacrimal glands lubricate the eye and contain an ________that protects against infection?
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Enzyme
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The eyeball has three coats or tunics, what are they?
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Sclera, Choroid, retina
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Type tunic that is made of tough connective tissue, also referred to the "white of the eye"?
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Sclera
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Appears white because of the collagen it contains and has no blood vessel to add color?
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Sclera
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Tunic composed of a delicate network of connective tissue interlaced with many blood vessels?
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Choroid
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Tunic that contains dark brown pigment, prevents incoming light rays from scattering and reflecting the inner surface of the eye?
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Choroid
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The tunic that is the actual receptor layer of the eye?
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Retina
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Tunic contains light-sensitive cells known as rods and cones?
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Retina
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Generate the nerve impulses associated with vision?
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Rods and cones
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The process which is the bending of light rays as they pass from one substance to another substance of different density?
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Refraction
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Because of this light from a very large area can be focused on a very small area of the retina?
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Refraction
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An anterior continuation of the sclera, but it is transparent, colorless, whereas the rest of sclera is opaque and white?
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Cornea
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Referred to as "the window of the eye"?
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Cornea
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Bulges forward slightly and is the main refracting structure of the eye?
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Cornea
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Has no blood vessels, is nourished by the fluid that constantly wash over it?
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Cornea
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A watery fluid that fills much of the eyeball anterior to the lens, helps maintain the slight forward curve of the cornea?
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Aqueous Humor
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Constantly produce and drained from the eye?
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Aqueous Humor
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Technically called the "CRYSTALLINE LENS"?
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Lens
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A clear, circular structure made of a firm elastic material?
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Lens
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Has two bulging surfaces and is considered biconvex?
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Lens
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Important in light refraction because it is elastic and its thickness can be adjusted to focus light for near or far vision?
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Lens
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A soft jelly like substance that fill the entire space posterior to the lens?
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Vitreous Body
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Important in maintaining the shape of the eyeball as well as in aiding in refraction?
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Vitreous Body
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What are the structures that refract light as it passes through the eye?
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Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body
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The receptor cells of the eye, named for their shape?
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Rods and cones
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Part of the retina that are highly sensitive to light, thus function in dim light but do not provide a sharp image?
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Rods
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Are more numerous than cones and are distributed more toward the periphery (anterior portion)of the retina?
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Rods
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Responsible for dark adaptation, from more light to less light?
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Rods
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Rods are unable to differentiate what?
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Color
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Function in bright light, sensitive to color, and give sharp images?
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Cones
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Are localized at the center of the retina?
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Cones
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A tiny depressed area near the optic nerve is?
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Fovea centralis
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Point of the sharpest vision and contains a high density of cones?
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Fovea centralis
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The fovea is contained within a yellow spot called?
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The macula lutea
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An area that may show degenerative changes with age and contains the fovea?
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The macula lutea
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Cones have specific colors they are sensitive to, what are the colors?
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Red, green, and blue light
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The absence of retinal cones results in?
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Color blindness
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The ______ and ____ function by means of pigments that are sensitive to light?
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Rods and cones
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The rod pigment is known as?
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rhodopsin or visual purple
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What vitamin is needed to manufacture rhodopsin?
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Vitamin A
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A lack of Vitamin A results in?
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Night Blindness
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Nerve impulses from the rods and cones flow into sensory neurons that merge to form what?
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The optic nerve
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The optic nerve is also labelled the ?
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Cranial nerve II
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Impulses from the optic nerve travel to the center of the?
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Occipital cortex of the brain
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Two groups of muscle in the eye are?
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic muscles
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How many extrinsic muscles are connected with each eye?
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Six (6)
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Muscle of the eye Originates of the bones of the orbit and inserts?
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On the surface of the sclera
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The muscle in the eye are named for their?
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Location
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Eye muscle that pull on the eyeball in a coordinated fashion so that both eyes center on one visual field?
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muscles of the eye
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Process by which muscles pull on the eyeball in a coordinated fashion so that both eyes center on one visual field?
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convergence
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Necessary for a clear image on the retina?
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convergence
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Three dimensional vision or stereoscopic vision is a characteristic of?
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Primates
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The involuntary muscles located within the eye are known as?
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Intrinsic muscles
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Form two circular structures within the eye, the iris and the ciliary muscle?
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Intrinsic muscles
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The colored or pigmented part of the eye?
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Iris
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Composed of two sets of muscle fibers that the size of the central opening (pupil)?
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Iris
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Central opening of the iris?
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Pupil
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Regulates the amount of light that enters the eye?
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Iris
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In bright light the muscles of the iris?
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Contract
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The narrowing of the piris is termed?
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Constriction
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In dim light the radial muscles of the iris do what?
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Dilate
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The enlargment of the pupil is known as?
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Dilation
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Shaped like a flattened ring with a central hole the size of the outer edge of the iris?
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Ciliary muscle
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This muscle holds the lens in place by means of filaments?
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Ciliary muscle
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The filaments or ligaments of the ciliary muscle are called?
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suspensory Ligaments
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These ligaments project from the ciliary muscle to the edge of the lens around its entire circumference?
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suspensory Ligaments
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This intrinsic muscle of the eye controls the shape of the lens to allow for vision at near and far distances?
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Ciliary muscle
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This process changes the lens shape for better viewing?
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Accomodation
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A common cause of farsightedness in the aging process, is due to a loss of elasticity in this eye muscle?
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Ciliary muscle
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What is the function of the Iris?
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To control the amount of light entering the eye
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What is the function of the ciliary muscle?
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Holds the lens in place contorting it by suspensory ligaments to accommodate near and far vision
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Carries visual impulses from the retinal rods and cods to the brain?
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Optice nerve
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Known as the Cranial Nerve II?
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Optic nerve
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Carries impulses of pain, touch, and temperature from the eye and surrounding parts of the brain?
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opHthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve
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There are no rods and cones in the area of the optic nerve causing?
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Blind spot
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What is the pathway for transmitting external information from the eye to the brain?
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External stimulus - outer layer - retina - rods and cones - optic nerve - thalamus-occipital of brain
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The image that falls on the retina is overfracted causing the image to be?
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Upside down
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Which part of the brain reverses the upside down image?
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visual centers of the brain
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Three nerves that caryy impulses to the eyeball muscle?
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Oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducens nerve
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Also known as cranial nerve III (3)?
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Oculomotor nerve
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Also known as cranial nerve V (5)?
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Trochlear nerve
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Also known as cranial nerve VI (6)?
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Abducens nerve
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The largest of the three motor nerves to the eye?
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Oculomotor nerve
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Supplies voluntary and involuntary motor impulses to all but two eye muscles?
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Oculomotor nerve
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Supplies the superior oblique extrinsic eye muscle?
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Trochlear nerve
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Supplies the lateral rectus extrinsic eye muscle?
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Abducens nerve
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What are the seven steps of vision? LICESOL (LYSOL:)
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L= Light refracts
I= Iris adjusts the pupil C=Ciliary adjusts the lens E=Extrinsic convergence S=Stimulates rods/cones (retina) O=Optic nerve transmits impulse 2 brain L=Lobe (occipital) interprets impulse |
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What is the cranial nerve II and what does it do?
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Optic nerve, transmits impulses received from the retina (rods/cones) to the brain
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The sense organ for both hearing and euqilibrium?
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The ear
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Outer Ear
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Includes an outer projection and a canal ending at the membrane? (Ear)
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An airspace containing three small bones in the ear?
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Middle Ear
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The most complex and contains the sensory receptors for hearing and equlibrium?
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The inner ear
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The portion of the ear that is visiible?
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Pinna or auricle
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The canal that leads from the pinna or auricle to deeper parts of the ear?
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External auditory canal or meatus (audi=sound, meatus, hole)
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Part of the external portion of the ear that directs sound into the ear?
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Pinna
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Contains many wax (ceruminous glands)?
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External auditory canal
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The wax in the ears is known as?
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cerumen
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The eardrum is also known as?
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Tympanic membrane
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Vibrates freely and is the boundary between the canal and the middle ear cavity?
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Typanic membrane (ear drum)
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Three small bones of the ear are known as?
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ossicles
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Ear bone shaped like a hammer?
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Malleus
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Ear bone shaped like an ANVIL?
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Incus
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Ear bone shaped like a stirrup or saddle?
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Stapes
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What are the functions of the ossicle in the ear?
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To amplify sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear
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Connects the middle ear cavity with the throat (pharynx)?
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Eustachian Tube
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The most important part of the ear is the internal portion or?
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Labyrinth
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The skeleton the the inner ear is called?
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Bony Labyrinth
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What are the three divisions of the bony labyrinth?
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Vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
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Conists of two bony chambers that contain some of the receptors for equilibrium?
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Vestibule
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Three projecting tubes located toward the posterior?
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Semicircular canals
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Coiled like a snail shell and located twoard the anterior and contains the receptors for hearing?
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Cochlea (coc shell)
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The fluid of the bony labyrinth?
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Perilymph (peri-around)
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Whithin the bony labyrinth an exact replica of shell is made of?
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Membrane
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The tubes and chamers in the membrane within the bony labyrinth are?
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Membraneous labyrinth
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The membraneous labyrinth are filled with what type of fluid?
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Endolymph (Endo-within, inside)
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What is the structure of the fluids in the bony labyrinth?
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Endolympth (inside)
Perilympth (around) |
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The organ of hearing (inner ear)?
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Organ of Corti
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Consists of ciliated receptor cells located inside the cochlea?
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organ of Corti
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The memraneous cochlea is also known as ?
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Cochlear duct
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Soundwaves enter the external ear canal and cause vibrations in the?
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Tympanic Membrane
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Ossicles amplify the vibrations from the tympanic membrane and finally transmit them from the stapes to?
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Oval window of the inner ear
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The cilia move back and forth against what membrane?
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Tectorial membrane
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The motion of the tectorial membrane sets up nerve impulses that travel to the brain in the?
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Cochlear nerve (branch of the eighth cranial nerve)
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Soundwaves leave the ear through another membrane-covered space in the bony labyrinth called?
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The Round Windoe
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Hearing receptors respond to what aspects of sound?
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Pitch (tone) and intensity (loudness)
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The organ of Corti's receptors in this area detect high pitch sounds?
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The base of the cochlea
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The organ of Corti's receptors in this area detect lower pitched sounds?
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The top of the cochlea
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Loud sounds stimulate more _____ and produce more________, sending more nerve impulses to the brain?
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Cells, vibrations
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What are the 8 steps in hearing?
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1=Soundwaves enter ear
2=tympanic membrane vibrates 3=ossicles transmit vibrations across the middle ear cavity. 4=stapes transmits the vibrations to the inner ear fluid. 5=vibrations move cilia on hair cells of the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct. 6=movement against tectorial membrane generates nerve impulses. 7=impulses travel to the brain in the 8th cranial nerve. 8=temporal lobe cortex interprets the impulses. |
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Sensory receptors located in the vestibule and semicircular canal of the inner ear are responsible for?
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Equilibrium
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Receptors for the sense of equilibrium are also?
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ciliated cells
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Type of equilibrium with receptors in two small chambers of the vestibule, tilting head, moving in straight line, and in motorvehicle?
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Static equilibrium (Static means still)
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Receptor for equilibrium is called?
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Macula
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The fluid above the cilitated cells contain calcium carbonate crystalls called?
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Otoliths (oto=ear) (lith=stone)
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These receptors function when the body is spinning or moving in different directions?
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Cristae
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Type of equilibrium when the body is moving or spinning in different directions?
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Dynamic equilibrium
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Type of crystals located at the bases of the semi circular canals?
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Cristae
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Nerve fibers from the vestibule and semicircular canals form?
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The vestibular nerve
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This nerve joins the cochlear nerve to form the vestibulocochlear nerve, the 8th cranial nerve?
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Vestibular nerve
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Where are the receptors for equilibrium located?
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The vestibule and semicircular canals
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What are two types of equilibrium?
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Static and dynamic
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The sense of taste is also known as?
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Gustation
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This sense involves receptors in the tongue and two different nerves that carry impulses to the brain?
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Tast or Gustation
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Taste receptors are known as?
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Taste Buds
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Taste Buds are located along the edges of the small depressed areas of the tongue called?
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Fissures
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What are the four different regions of the tongue taste map?
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Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter
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Sweet tastes are most acutely experienced in what region of the tongue?
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Tip of the tongue
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Salty tastes are most acute in what region of the tongue?
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Anterior sides (front)
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Sour tastes are most acute in what region of the tongue?
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Laterally on the tongue
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Bitter tastes are detected on what part of the tongue?
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Posterior part (Back)
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Water taste receptors are located where?
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In the back of the throat
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Nerves of taste are include what two cranial nerves?
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Facial VII (7) and glossopharyngeal IX (9)
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The sense of smell is called?
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Olfaction
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The receptors for smell are located in?
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The epithelium of the superor region of the nasal cavity
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Which nerve are the impulses for smell carried by?
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The olfactory nerve (I)
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The olfactory nerve travels to the?
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Olfactory center in the brains temporal cortex
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What are the special senses that respond to chemical stimuli?
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gustation and olfaction
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Type of senses located within specific sense organs, limited to a relatively small area?
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Special senses
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Type of general sense with receptors called tactile corpuscles?
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Touch
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Type of touch receptor found mostly in the dermins of the skin and around the hair line?
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Tactile corpuscles
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Tactile corpuscles are the most dense on what part of the body?
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Tips of fingers, lips and tongue
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Tactile corpuscles are least dense on what part of the body?
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Back of hand and back of neck
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The sensory end organs for pressure are located where?
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subcutaneous tissues beneath the skin, also near joints, muscles, and other deep tissues
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Sensory end organs for pressure are sometimes referred to as?
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Receptors for deep touch
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Temperature nerve endings are?
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Free nerve endings
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Receptors that are not enclosed in capsules, but are merely branchings of nerve fiber?
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Free nerve endings
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Free nerve endings are widely distributed in the?
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Skin
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Name the types of temperature receptors in the skin?
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Heat and cold receptors
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Receptors located in the muscles, tendons, and joints which relay impulses that aid in judging one's position and changes in loaction of body parts in relation to each other are?
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Proprioceptors
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Type of receptors aided in function by the equilibrium receptors of the internal ear?
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Proprioceptors
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Sense of movement is known as?
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Kinesthesia
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Cerebellum is the main coordinating center for this type of general sense receptor?
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Proprioceptors
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Is the most important protective sense?
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Pain
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Pain receptors are widely distributed?
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Free nerve endings
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How many pathways tranmit pain to the CNS?
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Two
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What type of pain does each pathway transmit?
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One is for acute, sharp pain
The other is for slow chronic pain |
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Drugs that relieve pain?
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Analgesic drugs
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Two main categories of analgesic drugs?
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Nonnarcotic, Narcotics
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This type of analgesic drug acts locally to reduce inflammation and are effective for mile to moderate pain?
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Nonnarcotic drugs
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This type of analgesic drug act on the CNS to alter perception and response to pain?
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Narcotic drugs
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Type of analgesic drug commonly known as NSAIDS non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs?
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Nonnarcotic drugs
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Examples of nonnarcotic drugs are?
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Ibuprofin and naproxen
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Type of analgesic drug effective for severe pain, usually orally or IM?
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Narcotic drugs
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Morphine is an axample of what type of analgesic drug?
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Narcotic
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Although most commonly used to prevent pain during surgery, can also be used to relieve types of chronic pain?
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Anasthetics
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Natural pain relief associated with the control of pain, Internally released from the brain?
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Endorphins
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Other types of pain relief?
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Heat and cold therapy, and relaxation or distraction techniques
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The phenomenon when sensory receptors are exposed to continuous stimulus, receptors often adjust themselves so that the sensation becomes less acute?
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Sensory adaptation Ex: putting your hand in hot water, after your hand is acclimated the water feels less hot even if it not
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In sensory adaptation these receptors adapt rapidly?
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warmth, cold, and light pressure
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In sensory adaptation these receptors DO NOT adapt?
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Pain receptors
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The vasular pigmented middle tunic of the eyeball?
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Choroid
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A vision receptor that is sensitive to color?
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Cone
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The part of the eye that light rays pass through first as they enter the eye?
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Cornea
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The membrane that lines the eyelids?
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Conjuctiva
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Another name for the blind spot, the region where the optic nerve connects with the eyeball?
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Optic disk
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The innermost coat of the eyeball, the nervous tissue layer that includes the receptors for the sense of vision?
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Retina
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A vision receptor that function well in dim light?
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Rod
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The structure that alters the shape of the lens for accomodation?
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Ciliary muscle
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The watery fluid that fills much of the eyeball in front of the crystalline lens?
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Aqueous humor
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Two sets of muscle fibers that regulate the amount of light entering the eye?
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Iris
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The jelly-like material located behind the crystalline lens that maintains the spherical shape of the eyeball?
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Vitreous Body
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A pigment needed for vision?
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Rhodopsin
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The depressed are in the retina that is the point of the clearest vision?
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Fovea centralis
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The central opening of the iris?
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Pupil
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The fluid contained within the membraneous labyrinth of the inner ear?
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Endolympth
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The bone that ineracts with the tympanic membrane?
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Malleus
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Another name for the projecting part, auricle, of the ear?
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Pinna
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The channel connecting the middle ear cavity with the pharynx?
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Eustachian tube
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The fluid of the inner ear contained within the bony labyrinth and surroinding the membraneous labyrinth?
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Perilympth
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Ciliated receptor cells that detect sound waves?
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Organ of Corti
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The skeleton of the inner ear?
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Bony labyrinth
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The sense of knowing the position of the head in relation to gravity?
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Static equilibrium
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Small crystals that activate maculae?
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Otoliths
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The sense organ involved in dynamic equilibrium?
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Semicircular canals
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The receptor cells involved in dynamic equilibrium?
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Cristae
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Two small chambers containing maculae
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Vestibule
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The branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve that carries hearing impulses?
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Cochlear nerve
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The nerve that carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain?
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Optic nerve
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The branch of the fifth cranial nerve that carries impulses of pain, touch, and temperature from the eye to the brain?
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Ophthalmic nerve
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The largest of the three cranial nerves that carry motor fibers to the eyeball muscles?
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Oculomotor nerve
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The sense of knowing the position of one's body and the relativ positions of different muscles?
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Proprioception
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The sense of body movement?
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Kinesthesia
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Receptors that detect changes in temperature?
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Free nerve endings
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A person who lacks cones in the retina will experience?
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Color blindness
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The Organ of Corti is the receptor for?
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Hearing
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The transparent portion of the sclera?
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Cornea
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The glands that secrete ear wax are called?
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ceruminous glands
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The nerve endings that aid in judging position and changes in location of body parts are the?
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Proprioceptors
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The sense of position is partially governed by equilibrium receptors in the internal ear, including two small chambers in the vestibule and the three?
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Semicircular canals
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How many semicircular canals are there?
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Three
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The tactile corpuscles are the receptors for the sense of?
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Touch
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Any drug that relieves pain is called?
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Analgesic
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When you enter a darkened room, it takes a while for the rods to begin to function. This interval is known as?
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Dark adaptation
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The receptor tunic layer of the eye is the?
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retina
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These eye muscles control the diameter of the pupil?
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Intrinsic
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There are how many extrinsic muscle connected to each eye?
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Six 6
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The iris is this type of eye muscle?
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Intrinsic
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The sense of temperature is what type of sense?
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General sense
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Soundwaves leave the ear through this type of window?
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Round
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This muscle contracts to thicken the lens?
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Ciliary muscle
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What are the parts of the outer ear?
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pinna, auditory canal (meatus), tympanic membrane (eardrum)
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What are the parts of the middle ear?
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Ossicles- meallus, incus, stapes
Eustachian tube |
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What are the parts of the inner ear?
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bony labyrinth, membraneous labyrinth, cochlea (organ of Corti), vestibule (2) maculae, Semicircular canals, cilia, vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve 8th
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The receptor that senses static equilibrium?
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Maculea
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