Fa Med - Small Ruminant Respiratory Dz

Front 1

What test will yield the most accurate information in regards to a goat with subclinical mastitis?

Back 1

-Culture

Front 2

Important aspects of history for diagnosing respiratory disease

Back 2

-housing
-environmental changes
-comingling (goats are hierarchial in nature)
-movement
-new stressors

Front 3

Important aspects of physical examination in diagnosing respiratory disease

Back 3

-Auscultation

*not definitive

Front 4

US during an exam is good for diagnosing respiratory disease, because:

Back 4

Accurate evaluation of:
-pleura
-superficial lung tissue

Front 5

Goat
-thorax anatomy (lung & cardiac silhouette)

Back 5

Lung
-Dorsal to T12
-Ventral to T6

Cardiac
-T3-T6
-almost completely behind meat of leg

Front 6

First thing to do on physical examination

Back 6

Observe from a distance
-posture
-depth and rate of breath

Front 7

Visual signs that the goat may not be feeling well

Back 7

-elbows abducted
-abdominal effort
-aggressive/scared

Front 8

Auscultating the head

Back 8

-turbinates and sinuses

-listen for a change in density

look for nasal discharge

Front 9

Nasal discharge is always present with respiratory dz (T/F)

Back 9

-False

Front 10

Auscultating trachea and thorax
-which is louder normally

Back 10

-trachea

Front 11

Tracheal rattle
-represents what?

Back 11

-presence of exudate

Front 12

Percussion
-use

Back 12

-evaluate for air/fluid in/around lung tissue

Front 13

Percussion
-sound of lung consolidation

Back 13

-low resonate

*like a ripe melon

Front 14

Adventitious sounds
-define
-types

Back 14

-sounds imposed over normal air movement

-crackles
-wheeze
-rubs

Front 15

Auscultation
-crackles

Back 15

-discontinuous
-caused by air bubbles through alveoli moisture or alveoli popping open

*end inhalation

Front 16

Auscultation
-wheeze

Back 16

-continuous
-caused by narrow airway (inflammation, tumor, mucus)

Front 17

Auscultation
-rub

Back 17

-continuous
-caused by parietal and visceral layers of pleural rubbing

Front 18

Auscultation
-Normal vesicular sounds

Back 18

soft, low pitch

Front 19

Goat and Sheep
-normal respiratory rate

Back 19

12-20 br/min

Front 20

Exceptions to higher respiratory rate that aren't due to disease

Back 20

-exercise
-heat/humidity
-fleece
-body condition

Front 21

Oestrus ovis
-aka

Back 21

-nasal bot

Front 22

Oestrus ovis
-cycle affecting goat

Back 22

-adult fly deposits eggs around naris
--migration to dorsal turbinates and sinuses
---development to pupae in weeks to months

*possibly in cornual sinus 4-6 inches into the horn

Front 23

Oestrus ovis
-clinical signs

Back 23

Irritation and discharge
-snorting, blowing, sneezing, stridor
-shaking, rubbing head
-purulent nasal discharge (often first sign seen by owner)

Secondary bacterial infection

*less severe signs in goats

Front 24

Oestrus ovis
-diagnosis

Back 24

-C/S
-endoscopy
-radiographs ---> calcified bots

Front 25

Oestrus ovis
-treatment

Back 25

-Ivermectin (beginning to be able to use again)

Front 26

Enzootic Nasal Tumor
-etiology

Back 26

beta-retrovirus
-enzootic nasal tumor virus 1

Front 27

Enzootic Nasal Tumor
-clinical signs

Back 27

-weight loss
-upper respiratory stertor
-inspiratory effort
+/- unilateral discharge
+/- facial deformity
-normal temp (despite upper respiratory signs)
-10% flock mortality

Front 28

Enzootic nasal tumor
-diagnosis

Back 28

-no serological testing (no immune response)

Front 29

Enzootic nasal tumor
-treatment

Back 29

-None
-contagious
-Cull animals

Front 30

Laryngeal chondritis
-represented breeds

Back 30

-Texel
-Southdown

*meat breed sheep, rare in goats

Front 31

Laryngeal chondritis
-occurance

Back 31

-seasonal (late summer --> fall)
-sporadic occurance

Front 32

Laryngeal chondritis
-clinical signs

Back 32

-acute onset of severe respiratory distress
-significant inspiratory effort
-head/neck extension
-abscess seen in failed response to therapy

Front 33

Laryngeal chondritis
-cause

Back 33

-unknown

Front 34

Laryngeal chondritis
-treatment

Back 34

-steroids
-broad spectrum antibiotics

Front 35

Tracheal auscultation should be part of your physical exam. How is this helpful in evaluating the throasic auscultation?

Back 35

-can infer lung sounds

Front 36

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
-etiology

Back 36

beta-retrovirus
-jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

Front 37

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
-found where

Back 37

everywhere except:
-New zealand
-iceland
-australia

*difficult to export to these countries

Front 38

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
-clinical signs

Back 38

-copious clear nasal discharge (tip head and comes pouring out)
-most common in 3-4 yr olds

Front 39

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
-transmission

Back 39

Aerosol
-neonates greatest susceptibility (all ages susceptible)
-spread in milk/colostrum
-doesn't survive well in environment

Front 40

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
-diagnosis

Back 40

No ante-mortem test currently available
-no antibody formed by the infected animal
-can't propogate virus in vitro

Front 41

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma
-treatment and prevention

Back 41

-no treatment
-Cull

Front 42

Ovine progressive pneumonia
-aka

Back 42

-hard bag disease

Front 43

OPP
-etiology

Back 43

Nononcogenic retrovirus
-related to Maedi Visna virus

Front 44

OPP
-transmission

Back 44

-colostrum/milk (maternal 10%)
-contact (non-maternal 90%): lung secretions, semen
-vertical (genetic)

Front 45

OPP
-predilection for:

Back 45

-lung
-udder

Front 46

OPP
-prevalence

Back 46

-26% of US sheep infected (most subclinical)

Front 47

OPP
-development of clinical disease dependent on

Back 47

-management
-strain
-dose
-genetics of sheep (Rambouillet less susceptible)

Front 48

OPP
-clinical signs

Back 48

-weight loss
-exercise intolerance
-pneumonia (no response to antibiotics)
-hard usser post lambing

Most subclinical
-lameness carpi/hock
-rear limb progressive paresis

Front 49

OPP
-diagnosis

Back 49

Serology
-AGID (serum)
-iELISA (serum) ---> increased sensitivity (time)
-PCR (whole blood) ---> early detection $$$$ (prepurchase, not herd health)

*not definitive
*post-mortem/histology

Front 50

OPP
-management recommendations

Back 50

Option 1
-test and cull all animals (q6mo)
-cull positives and all offspring (<1 yr old)
-flock is free of disease with 3x tests with 100% negative results

Option 2
-separate lambs from positive ewes at birth prior to licking/suckling
-raise separate
-consider c-section if the offspring are valuable

Front 51

OPP management
-key

Back 51

-genetic selection and isolation of young post weaned ewes to minimize non-maternal exposure

Front 52

Parainfluenza 3
-etiology

Back 52

ovine parainfluenza
-similar to bovine PI3

Front 53

PI3
-effect

Back 53

-mild respiratory dz

Front 54

PI3
-precursor to

Back 54

-Pasturella
-Manheimia
-Bibersteinia

Front 55

PI3
-treatment/prevention

Back 55

-use bovine vaccine off-label

*questioned efficacy

Front 56

Bacterial pneumonia
-etiology

Back 56

-Manheimia haemolytica *****(most common)
-Bibersetinia trehalosi
-Pasturella multocida

Front 57

Manheimia haemolytica
-clinical signs

Back 57

-sudden death (<12 wks old)
-depressed
-pyrexic
-injected mucous membranes
-tachypnea
-hyperpnea

Front 58

Manheimia haemolytica
-diagnosis

Back 58

Leukotoxin affecting WBCs
-tracheal and pleural ecchymotic hemorrhage
-acute: swollen purple lungs, frothy exudate, thickened septae
-chronic: consolidation, necrosis, green pleural exudate

Front 59

Manheimia haemolytica
-treatment/prevention

Back 59

-early detection
-OTC tilmicosin, penicillin, ampicillin, oxytet, erythromycin, streptomycin, potentiated penicillin
-MUMS (few OTC resistant strains)
-Vaccine

Front 60

Manheimia haemolytica
-vaccine protocol

Back 60

Ewes
-2x
-2-4 wks apart
-booster 4-6 wks pre-lambing (boost colostrum titer)

Colo serum co vaccine

Iron-regulated-protein based vaccine stimulates protective immunity and offers cross protection

Front 61

Bibersteinia trehalosi
-clinical signs

Back 61

Systemic disease (6-10 month olds)
-sudden death
-SQ hemorrhage over neck and thorax
-pleural and diaphragm ecchymosis
-lungs: swollen/edematous/hemorrhage
-frothy blood tinged fluid in bronchioles/upper respiratory tract
-liver, kidney, GI ---> grey necrotic fluid (septicemia)

Front 62

Bibersteinia trehalosi
-when most prevalent

Back 62

-stress
-weather change

Front 63

Bibersteinia trehalosi
-diagnosis

Back 63

-isolation from lung, liver, spleen with C/S
-Normal flora in upper respiratory tract

Front 64

Bibersteinia trehalosi
-treatment

Back 64

-OTC
-M. haemolytica vaccine

-minimize stress especially in inclement weather

Front 65

Chlamydia
-etiology

Back 65

-Chlamydiophila pecorum

Front 66

Chlamydia
-animals affected

Back 66

1-8 month old lambs
-typically feedlots

*80% morbidity, low mortality

Front 67

Chlamydia
-clinical signs

Back 67

-high fever (105-106F)
-reluctance to move
-lameness in one or more limbs (jt swelling)
-chlamydia conjunctivitis

Front 68

Chlamydia
-treatment

Back 68

Self limiting
-gone in 10-14 days w/o treatment

Front 69

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
-aka

Back 69

-coughing syndrome

Front 70

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
-causes

Back 70

-overcrowding
-bad weather
-stress

Front 71

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

Back 71

-housed young
-high morbidity, low mortality
-dec. growth
-exercise intolerance


possible: acute fibrosis pneumonia, consolidated lung, pulmonary abscess

Front 72

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
-treatment

Back 72

-paired serology (low levels on culture in healthy sheep)

Front 73

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
-treatment

Back 73

-OTC
-nuflor
-macrolides

minimize:
-stress
-overcrowding

Ventilate indoors