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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Maximum copper uptake
-sheep -cattle -horses |
-sheep: 25 ppm
-cattle: 100 ppm -horses: 800 ppm *sheep very low --> very susceptible |
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Copper toxicosis
-when do problems occur in sheep |
-when fed cattle or horse rations
*goats not as susceptible |
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Copper toxicosis
-ratio |
Cu:Mo & Su
>10:1 |
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Effect of Mo & Su on Copper
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-bind dietary copper and decrease liver accumulation
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Where is Copper toxicity a problem?
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-pastures fertilized with poultry/swine manure from animals fed CuSo
-lambs fed calf milk replacers -grazing pasture with a high Cu:Mo ratio (young plants low in Mo; clover high in copper) -hepatogenous form |
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Where does copper accumulate in the body?
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-hepatocytes
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Hepatogenous copper toxicity
-describe |
-plant toxins damage liver parenchyma
*senecio, helotropium |
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Copper toxicity
-pathogenesis |
Cu binds with proteins ---> Cu accumulates in liver lysozymes ---> necrosis of parenchymal cells ---> release of Cu into blood due to stress or spontaneously ---> acute IV hemolysis due to fragile RBCs, dec. blood glutathione, methemaglobinemia
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Cu toxicity
-signs |
-watery, dark feces
-anemia -hemaglobinuria -methemaglobinemia -icterus -muddy mucus membranes |
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Cu toxicity
-necropsy signs |
-liver: yellow, friable
-kidney: gunmetal grey (dark red-black) |
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Cu toxicity
-necropsy diagnosis |
Liver and Kidney
*after Copper release, the liver may not be useful to test due to normal Copper levels *test other organs instead of liver |
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Cu toxicity
-prognosis |
-poor
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Cu toxicity
-treatment |
-ammonium molybdate & Na sulfate
-ammonium tetrathiomolybdate -methylene blue |
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Cu deficiency
-causes |
-overcautious owners
Nutritional deficit -Ca, Fe, Se, Zn, alakaline soil, Vit C -Molybdenum + Cu (blocks availability) -Improved pastures (decreased Cu in forage, fertilizer with Mo) -grass/fresh gras > hay/legumes |
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Cu deficiency
-clinical signs |
-anemia
-dec. milk production -heart failure -dec. fertility -dec. growth -lameness -diarrhea |
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Enzootic neonatal ataxia
-cause |
-lamb born to a Cu deficient dam (usually from high Mo or sulfate levels)
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Enzootic Neonatal Ataxia
-signs |
-progressive incoordination and paresis starting at the hind limbs
-loss of wool crimp -diarrhea -unthrifty -low weight gain -lost hair color -fractures |
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Enzootic Neonatal Ataxia
-prognosis |
-death in 3-4 days of clinical signs
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Enzootic Neonatal Ataxia
-diagnosis |
-usually neonates
-2-3 months old -recover with supplementation -same clinical signs -liver copper biopsy antemortem -histopath --> demyelination of spinal cord and cerebral white matter cavitation |
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copper deficiency
-antemortem diagnosis |
-liver biopsy (levels may be normal before Cu release from liver)
-take biopsy in 9th IC space, off cranial aspect of 10th rib |
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Copper deficiency
-prevention |
-adequate Cu intake
-trace mineral supplements -evaluate feed -Cu:Mo (5:1-10:1 for adequate absorption) |
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Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency
-aka |
-stiff lamb disease
-white muscle disease |
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Vit E/Selenium Deficiency
-animals affected |
-young/rapidly growing
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Vit E/Selenium Deficiency
-causes |
-PUFAs
-Milk replacer with fish oil, linseed oil, corn oil, soybean oil (contain PUFAs) -High moisture grains have lower levels of Vit E -young growing plants (high in PUFAs) |
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Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency
-effect of PUFAs |
-polyunsaturated fatty acids result in the release of free radicals
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Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency
-MOA |
-antioxidant deficiencies causing the breakdown of cell membranes
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Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency
-forms |
-cardiac
-skeletal |
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Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency
-cardiac form |
-peracute
-myocardial decompensation -pulmonary edema (nasal froth) -increased heart rate/irregular rhythm -lesion in heart, diaphragm, intercostals -death in 24 hrs |
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Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency
-skeletal form |
-weak/stiff
-swollen/painful supporting muscles (differentiate from Cu deficiency) [gastroc, semi-membrinosis, neck, gluteals] -increased heart rate from pain *may improve with treatment |
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Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency
-diagnosis |
Selenium
-serum -liver -Se dependent glutathione peroxidase -found in RBCs -spin down immediately or keep refrigerated prior to testing because RBCs will consume Vit E difficult to evaluate |
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Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency
-rule outs |
-Clostridial myositis ***** (will get gas crackles on palpation)
-sepsis -toxemia -meningitis -spinal cord trauma -neurotoxins -etc. |
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Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency
-Treatment |
Vitamin E/Selenium combo injectable (Vit E only for preservative, not medicinal effect)
-Bo-Se -L-Se *Don't use Me-Se in Sheep (cause abortion in pregnant females) |
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Vitamin E/Selenium
-prevention |
-test forage
-selenium dietary supplements -mixture of fresh legumes and grasses -avoid diets high in grains |
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Hypocalcemia
-often seen when in small ruminants |
-with pregnancy toxicosis in last 2 weeks of gestation
(seen post parturition in cattle) |
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Hypocalcemia
-cause |
-high demand for calcium by pregnant ewes
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When are ewe's serum calcium levels considered critical?
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< 7 mg/dl
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hypocalcemia
-clinical signs |
-inital hyperactive muscles
-ataxia/flaccid paralysis -bloat**** (S-shaped spine) |
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Hypocalcemia
-hyperactive muscles due to |
-poor membrane stabilization from lack of calcium
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Hypocalcemia
-ataxia/flaccid paralysis due to |
-no Calcium at synapses to cause Ach release
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Hypocalcemia
-bloat due to |
-no ruminal contractions
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Hypocalcemia
-treatment |
-Oral calcium drench (can kill with overdose IV)
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Hypocalcemia
-prevention |
-alfalfa
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Pregnancy toxicosis
-aka |
-ketosis
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Pregnancy toxemia
-occurs when in Small ruminants |
-last trimester of pregnancy with multiple feti
*post parturition in dairy cattle due to high energy demand for milk production |
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Pregnancy toxemia
-predisposed animals |
-thin
-excessively obese -stressed (storm, movement, etc.) |
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Pregnancy toxemia
-due to |
Negative energy balance
-decreased intake -increased demand |
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Pregnancy Toxemia and the Krebs Cycle
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Oxaloacetate can't be converted to glucose due to a lack of proprionate for kreb cycle function
-Oxaloacetate backs up to Acetyl CoA --> Acetoacetate --> Ketones (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyrate) |
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Ketones
-can be used for energy by |
-muscle (won't lose muscle tone)
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Ketones
-can't be used for energy by |
-RBCs
-Brain -Fetus *only glucose |
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Pregnancy toxemia
-clinical signs |
-recumbency (but with muscle tone)
-stargazing* -incoordination* -bruxism* |
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Pregnancy toxemia
-diagnosis |
-ketonuria
-history/clinical signs -acidemia -hypoglycemia |
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Pregnancy toxemia
-why could there be hyperglycemia |
-stress (cortisol)
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Animal that will pee when suffocated
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-sheep
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Pregnancy toxemia
-treatment |
Slightly affected;
-IV dextrose -propylene glycol (metabolized to proprionate) -transfaunation Severely affected -C-section -support ewe to allow fetal development to 10 days pre-term (will often lose both ewe and feti) |
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Pregnancy toxemia
-prevention |
Ultrasound @ 50 days to determine if multiple pregnancy
-separate multiple feti ewes and give higher energy feed ration -shear early to decrease heat |
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Goiter
-causes |
-Breed susceptibility (Boer, Angora, polled dorset)
-Ingestion of Brassica family plants during gestation (goitrogenic compounds - peanuts, soybeans, cherries, kale) -Iodine deficient diet in Dam -iodine deficient diet during gestation -congenital |
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Goiter
-induction in pre-disposed breeds |
-iodine induces
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Iodine deficient diet during gestation due to
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-high nitrates blocking absorption
-iodine deficient soil -sandy soil |
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Animals with congenital goiter
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-merino sheep
-dutch -pygmy -nubian goats *outgrow by 1 yr old |
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Goiter
-clinical signs of iodine deficient form |
-enlarged thyroid
-dyspnea -weak, hairless neonate -poor fiber quality -dry skin -tendon laxity -low libido, fertility, semen quality -poor growth rate -low milk production |
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Goiter
-diagnosis |
-clinical signs of enlarged thyroid
-history of poor growth, wt loss, fleece quality -low Iodine in serum, plasma, milk -low thyroxine level (unreliable) |
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Goiter
-treatment |
-trace mineral supplement during pregnancy
-avoid brassica plants -potassium iodine PO late gestation -Lugols iodine in milk to newborn *poor response to treatment in congenitals |