Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Fish teat
-define |
-2 teats are present on one half, and the non-primary teat may either be functional or non-functional
|
|
|
Split teat
-define |
-same as a fish teat, but with a wider split between the 2 teats
|
|
|
What can happen if a split teat is not suckled?
|
-lead to mastitis
|
|
|
What should be done to individuals with split teats?
|
-cull
|
|
|
Abnormalities in teat size
|
-small, uniform
-dilated base/end |
|
|
Reasons for a teat to have a dilated base/end
|
-milk pooling
-poor suckling -damaged ends |
|
|
Teat cistern size in goats vs. cattle
-significance |
-relatively larger in goats --> quicker milk letdown
|
|
|
What should be the protocol if a doe has a dilated teat cistern?
|
-cull
|
|
|
Goats
-give birth when? -why |
-late fall
-early spring -short day breeders |
|
|
Goats
-normally breed when |
-Sept-Jan
|
|
|
Meat goats
-length of lactation |
-60-90 days
|
|
|
Dairy goats
-dry period |
-sort to non-existant
|
|
|
Milk formation in goat vs. cow
|
-Goat = apocrine
-Cow, Sheep = merocrine |
|
|
Apocrine secretion
-describe |
-part of the cell is pinched off
|
|
|
Merocrine secretion
-describe |
-cells releases a secretory product
|
|
|
How does goats producing milk via apocrine secretion effects mastitis tests?
|
-higher cytoplasmic particles in the milk
-california mastitis tests and electronic cell counters will be falsely high |
|
|
Reasons for goat milk tasting "Goaty/Mutton taste/Orory"
|
-smaller fat globules in goat milk increase digestibility and enzymatic degradation --> goaty smell
-goat milk has 35% medium chain fatty acids (Capric, caprioc, caprylic fatty acids) compared to 17% in cow milk |
|
|
Why does goat milk not separate as much?
|
-smaller fat globules
|
|
|
Goat milk with Goaty odor/taste
-prevention |
-monitor for mastitis
-cool milk quickly after pasteurization -off flavor during estrus -off during mean stage of lactation (higher fat content) -remove buck during lactation -monitor feed (weeds, grasses) |
|
|
Pasteurization Guidelines
|
Same as cow
-165F for 30 sec (cool rapidly) --> consumption -145F for 30 min ---> cheese/yogurt |
|
|
Why are people pushing for raw goat milk?
|
-pasteurization destroys vitamins A, C, B complex and some iodine
|
|
|
Why should goat milk be pasteurized?
|
-even pasteurized milk has led to many illnesses of the past 15 yrs (200,000)
-Coxiella burnetti -Listeria monocytogenes -Campylobacter jejuni -Tick born encephalitis virus |
|
|
Most heat resistant organism in milk
|
-Coxiella burnetti
|
|
|
Coxiella burnetti
-route of infection |
-inhalation
|
|
|
Electronic cell counters will measure what?
-meaning for detecting mastitis in goat |
-neutrophils
-macrophages -epithelial cells -goats have a higher normal leukocyte concentration in their milk, the same scale for mastitis in cattle and sheep cannot be used for goats |
|
|
When do PMN counts normally increase in milk?
|
-seasonally with estrus
-late lactation -age |
|
|
What is the best way to evaluate somatic cell count in goats?
|
-stain with pyronin Y-methyl green, because it only stains PMNs
|
|
|
Only way to definitely identify a non-mastitic udder
|
-bacterial culture
|
|
|
At what SCC in goats should there be minimal problems?
-subclinical mastitis? |
-minimal problems = <300,000
-subclinical = 750,00 |
|
|
Goats
-reasons there can be a high SCC and the goat not be mastitic |
Stress
-onset and end of lactation -short to no dry period -bringing in a new goat -regrouping of goats |
|
|
California Mastitis Test
-how does it work |
-DNA in milk binds with CMT reagent causing the formation of precipitate
|
|
|
CMT
-how does it differ in the goat compared to the cow? |
-precipitate will probably form with goat milk even if there is no mastitis
|
|
|
Sub-clinical mastitis
-effects |
-dec. production
-dec. weaning weight -source for maintenance of bacterial organisms in the herd |
|
|
Sub-clinical mastitis
-best way to identify |
-bacterial culture
-inflammation not detected |
|
|
Goat mastitis
-sub-clinical pathogens |
-coagulase negative Staph. (epidermis, caprae)*****
-Strep. -Enterobacteria |
|
|
Clinical mastitis
-main sign |
-palpable changes in glandualr tissue of the udder and/or changes in the milk
|
|
|
Clinical mastitis
-most often occurs when? |
-the 1st third of the lactation cycle
|
|
|
Clinical mastitis
-why does it occur in the 1st third of the lactation cycle |
-onset of milking machine use
-poor machine design -offshoot of cow milking machine, with incorrect pulsators |
|
|
Most common cause of mastitis in goats
|
-Staph aureus
|
|
|
Most common cause of mastitis in suckled ewes
|
-Manheimia haemolytica
|
|
|
Manheimia haemolytica
-aka |
-gangrenous mastitis
-blue bag |
|
|
Manheimia haemolytica
-function |
-in a matter of hrs (rapid) can cause sloughing and death
|
|
|
Manheimia haemolytica
-how to reduce incidence |
-pre and post dip
|
|
|
Manheimia haemolytica
-what should be done if found |
-cull
|
|
|
Manheimia haemolytica
-normally found infecting where in ruminants |
-upper respiratory
|
|
|
Staph. aureus and Manheimia haemolytica
-clinical signs |
-febrile
-anorexia -lameness -udder inflammation -edematous udder -watery to bloody/brown milk with fibrin clots |
|
|
One of the first clinical signs of mastitis
|
-lameness
|
|
|
Goat Mastitis
-treatment |
-systemic support for sepsis
-penicillin -cephalosporins -florfenicol -NSAIDs +/- intramammary treatment -aggressive treatment for more valuable animals |
|
|
Small ruminant mastitis
-what drus should only be used in sheep |
-tilmicosin
-will kill goats |
|
|
Goat mastitis treatment
-why is intramammary treatment in goats questioned |
-extended withdraw time in goats due to apocrine secretion of milk
|
|
|
Small ruminant mastitis
-prevention |
-intramammary treatments (long withdraw in goats)
-Tilmicosin 1 month prior to LAMBING (inc. weaning weight) -sanitation and good milking hygiene |
|
|
Mastitis
-guide to preventing zoonosis |
-good sanitation
-client education |
|
|
Small ruminant mastitis
-zoonotic organisms |
-Staph aureus
-Listeria sp. -Strep zooepidemicus -Nocardia farcinica |
|
|
Staph aureus
-reasons why zoonotic |
-can produce thermostable toxins which can still be present even if pasteurized
|
|
|
Listeria sp
-found where |
-spoilage of raw milk
-fecal/environmental contamination |
|
|
Udder edema
-signalment |
-2nd yr old dairy goats (1st lactation = 1st manifestation)
|
|
|
Udder edema
-causes |
-genetic? (in heavy milkers)
-occurs in subsequent lactations -decreased lymphatic flow from the abdomen |
|
|
-Udder edema
-clinical signs |
-colostrum at birth
--progression to firm edematous udder and agalactiae ----no pitting edema (unlike dairy heifers) |
|
|
Udder edema
-prognosis |
-guarded
|
|
|
Udder edema
-remedies |
-hot packing (limited efficacy)
-Furosemide and NSAIDs, oxytocin and frequent milking (every 2-4 hrs) |
|
|
Udder Impetigo
-etiology |
-Staph. aureus dermatitis
|
|
|
Udder impetigo
-clinical signs |
-dry pustule between and on teats and inner thigh (most common)
-blister-like pustules that coalesce and are painful |
|
|
Udder impetigo
-treatment |
Dry form
-antibacterial wash Blister form -systemic penicillin or dilute chlorhexidine wash for 10-14 days |
|
|
Aberant laceration
-aka |
-galactorrhea
-precocious udder -inappropriate lactation syndrome |
|
|
Aberant lactation
-signalment |
-male and female
-goats and sheep -common in pygmies |
|
|
Aberant lactation
-history |
-udder enlargement with no history of breeding
|
|
|
Aberant lactation
-clinical signs |
Udder palpation
-soft, pliable no heat -milk like secretion that may become more serous |
|
|
Aberant lactation
-causes |
-pseudopregnancy (persistant CL)
-estrogenic forages (alfalfa) -Fusarium roseum infected grains -pituitary adenoma -adrenal pheochromocytomas -cystic ovarian disease -cystic endometrial hyperplasia |
|
|
Aberant lactation
-treatment |
-Mastectomy (TOC)
-Prostaglandin therapy first (but make sure not pregnant) |
